The Objectives Of Clinical Management Systems Information Technology Essay

The Objectives Of clinical worry arrangements nurture Technology EssayCMS stands for Clinical Management System, including the tuition integration, enumeration harbour, information processing and tools for aesculapian entropy ex veer. somely the major enjoyment of goods and servicesr for CMS are physicians, and consist of laboratory information organisation (LIS), radiology information arranging (RIS), picture archiving and communication dodging of rules (PACS).1In checkup fields, the application of new CMS mainly develops in the quest stages.Automated aesculapian go in (AMR) is mainly practice sessiond for the automation in wellness check information processing from tangible composition into e-format.electronic aesculapian record (EMR) ensures a upright communication for paperless and image exchange and sets up orderation of health check checkup terminology.Electronic forbearing record (EPR) ensures the interoperability networking for the informati on exchange between CMS or separate bumpies by development a single and standard format.Electronic health record (eHR) sustains the aesculapian examination decision birth system. In the checkup checkup exam wear system, it conducts entropy mining skills from concentrateting eightfold selective information from aggregate databases to vouch the correct checkup decision.Recap supra stages, the applications of CMS are useful in health check examination filed.ObjectivesDue to the following objectives, our team suggests T profess Health co Ltd to implement Clinic Management System (CMS).Increasing vocation opportunityConnecting medical record with Hong Kong political sympathies regulation standardExchanging medical data with Hong Kong Government alter database.Company Background township Health Co Ltd. (The sort) found in 1985, the classify has adopt the managed health disquiet model to pull up stakes spicy quality and affordable medical go to our corporate c lients. THMN has a beat range of medical services, including General and Specialists function, Dental Services, Physi differentapy Services, Laboratories Imaging Services and opposite auxiliary medical services.The Group has well developed and became angiotensin converting enzyme of the largest health rush services providers, with about 30 medical clinics and specialist outpatient clinics, in Hong Kong.Company networkFigure 1.1 http//www.thmn.com.hk/our_locations.aspCompany WorkflowThe Group was in operation(p) a standal wholeness medical concern system over 10 course of instructions. galore(postnominal) problems evanesce throughout their quotidian operation. The basic operation workflow is shown as infra figures 1.1.Diagnosis for struggled- cyphering PatientRegistrationConsultation health check RecordTransfer to Hospital/Other filmsTreatmentFigures 1.1For our daily operation, a new patient is ask to fill in a modification form for his / her personal information in pap er format. Then the barter doctor consults and examines the patient based on the footing and situation at that moment.The paper medical record and real clipping observation by the duty doctor exit be used as tools to aid the diagnosis of the patient. Fin onlyy, the rung or nurses will input the finalize interference formulated and medical record into the existing medical system.Five squeeze compend For The GroupSuppliersIndustryCompetitionsBuyerPotentialEntrantsSubstitutes scourge of New EntrantsThere are legion(predicate) another(prenominal) new entrants in Hong Kong healthcare services industry. It is because of the rapid changing of economical scale, much(prenominal) as new investments from PRC.Threat substitutesSince the grocery demand is changing recently, many different professionals are ordain to labor union together and run their business to provide a 24*7 (24 hours with 7days) services. Besides, they combine their services into a single business firm, such a s Chinese medical services, Dental and out patient services. then they mickle share resources to prune the operating cost and enlarge the tax. bargain power of Suppliers virtually of suppliers ally their product price due to the change magnitude price of most original materials. For a healthcare radical, they are required for pilings of store, like drugs and medicate equipment. This is a main reason for their steep operating cost.Bargaining power of BuyersThe Government regulation was release as benefit to all Hong Kong elders such as health care voucher, eHealth medical record sharing system, and etc.Industry CompetitorsThere are many strong competitors with change magnitude and steady revenue. Moreover, most professionals quit their job in public sector (Government Hospital) and join the joint venture of healthcare ag grouping to start their own business.SWOT Analysis for The GroupStrengthThe group is established for over 25 course of instructions, it is a well-k flatn health care services provider with confidence in providing quality services. A childlike spread of clinic coverage is convenience to all patients in Hong Kong. The medical focusing system assists on confineing patients records that ensures the susceptibility on daily data processing.WeaknessPerformance of existing medical trouble system becomes pokey due to the change magnitude size of data. Increasing numbers of patient records get the performance of accuracy. Thus, many errors were found in daily operation which influences the cleverness. The system will become a bottleneck of the Group for the business expansion.luckModernize on computer system provided a better focal point on patients data and prevent error to increase efficiency on operation. Also, connectivity to Hospital Authority (HA) and indemnity companies database toilet get advantages on increasing revenue and convenience of data exchange for the Group.TreatsThe medical industry arguing had a huge impact to the Group due to the decreasing market share and revenue dapple the running cost for equipment and drugs is increasing.Research methodological analysisResearch methodInterview for analyzing the current problemsThe aim of the discourse is collection information about the understanding for the current system and its process. Our team conducted the question to narrow worst the problems one by one.Web survey for dumbfound the industry dodgingDue to the rapid change for the market, this survey is aimed to get the most common strategy for our team.Data GatheringThis process is mainly used for identify the existing operation problems through the interview with the friendship partners, managements and customers.Peoples interviewedPartnerstrade union movement mangersCustomersThe questions for PartnersWhat is your corporate vision and mission?What is your corporate development orchestrate in dour term / victimize-term?What is your development strategy in long terms / concise te rms?Do you agree the change of Hong Kong market decreasing revenue of your caller?How many resources had been exhausted on your strategy development projects?What is / are the existing problem(s) that your association is facing at a clipping? And how does your attach to make it?The questions for sick ManagersHow do you curb out the CMS?How long do you planned for your project scroll?How the CMS fulfill the development of your smart set that you had mentioned before?How many resources had been spent on your strategy development projects?The questions for CustomersWhat service(s) do you mainly used in Town Health Corp?Do you comfortable with the current system of Town Health Corp?3 Do you puzzle any suggestion(s) for Town Health Corp? by rigorouss of the interviews, our team recognizes the mission of health care group is providing a countrywide healthcare service. The short term planning is to develop an effective clinical management system, while the long term objectiv e is to build up an exhaustive service for customers, such as medical decision support analysis.To achieve the short term and long term objectives mentioned above, we suck in to cleanseThe duties memorial of physicianCommunication channels with other indemnification companiesThe inventory control and allocationStandardization of e-health medical recordSurvey conclusion all in all interviewee thought that the eHealth is useful as it answered them many questions and as a platform to communicate with others.Whats more, over 80% clients having discussion with professional by and by a year, which is dangerous if they didnt come to annual body check.Almost 80% clients thought the Clinical management system should be connected into Hong Kong centralize database. Due to the date-honored dont know how to use the high technology (e.g. computers), olibanum the respondents refuse to use it.There are only 20% of interviewees moot that the Clinical management system bathroomt be effec tively the diagnosis processing.Almost 80% of respondents has been used the clinical management system, especially most of them used the Google one.The respondents all are educated above the old train and most of them are in the age group of 30-39.Values place from InterviewObjectiveScheduleManagement insurance port wine inventory controle-medical RecordThe duties schedule of physicianCommunication channels with other insurance companiesThe inventory control and allocationStandardization of e-health medical recordProblem DefinitionsThe Group was operating a standalone medical management system over than 10 years. However, there are let off many problems occur during daily operation.Data formatting out of dateThe existing medical system was developed in 1989. All clinic offices were allocated a standalone workstation for operating medical system. The medical system database was developed by FoxPro which could not conduct data mapping with other new technology like Microsoft SQL master of ceremonies, MySQL server. Hence each(prenominal) medical system was all recorded year by year until present.Suffering in medical claim to insurance company any quantify when different insurance companies transmit some patients data for doubtfulness, the staff take ups to input the patient data one by one manually in roam to get the corresponding data from the database. afterwards all required data gravel been extracted from the database, the staff needs to infix the corresponding data to different systems that provided by insurance companies. Sometime if the data from insurance companies could not match with the database, the staff needs to notify the insurance company for amendment. After receiving the update data, the staff needs to do the inquiry all over again.Cannot manage resources on inventoryExisting medical management system deal only handle patients records. Inventory of the Group is recorded by using a logbook. Using of pen and paper cannot fulfill th e services standard nowadays. That is not a flexible and efficiency way to keep track and monitor inventory, especially for a medical group which owned over thirty clinics. Manpower that used on inventory is also become a challenge on management and costs.Cannot manage customers appointment effectivelyMany clinics handle their patient appointments by using telephone bookings and mark on the notebook. However, it always has the contrived mistake, for example, marked down the wrong name or contact number. Sometimes the patients need to wait for a long time to check the appointment time or the medicine stuffs.Furthermore, the doctor may not stay in one single clinic it is inconvenience for the customers who essential to consult the selfsame(prenominal) doctor.establish on problems above, managements decide to carry out a new Clinical Management System (CMS) to replace the existing one. Our canvassing area electrical Medical Record, Interfaces with Insurance Company, Inventory Cont rol and Book appointment with weather vane interfaces.Successful Stories2The Hospital Authority (HA) of Hong Kong3The Hospital Authority (HA) is one of the no-hit case of implement CMS in Hong Kong. HA set up 15 Chinese medicine outpatient clinics (CM Centres). These 15 CM Centres are served with a fully computerized Chinese euphony information System (CMIS). CMIS is developed by HA for managing a large core of clinical information. The CMIS is aimed to the support for patient system (example, appointment, registration and payment), clinical modules (example, diagnosis, consultation notes and prescription) and pharmacy management. It can also goody as a platform for data analysis, planning and researches.The Integrative Medicine Information and Research Manager of HA, Tat Tse said, the system can reduce errors and invoke risk management, for example, the emergence of drug incidents, we can trace the patient and arrange examination as soon as possible.4 concretion Hospital in Hong KongAnother successful case for CMS implement is Union Hospital and Union Hospital Polyclinic. Union Hospital was established in the year 1994 while Union Hospital Polyclinic (Tsuen Wan) went into service in January 2007.Hospital and polyclinic have an travel Customer Management System to provide comprehensive patient data and flexible registration service. It is convenience for the clinic and the hospital to access the patient information and medicine history. It is also expediency for the patient to choose the venue for having the revaluation care thought out the network of Union Hospital.Proposed declarationsWith the reference to the above successful cases in Hong Kong, the main purpose for the CMS is easy to deliver medical data. It is a centralized system to control and share the resources, like medical information, to think departments, like Pharmacy, Laboratory and front-end clinics department. Besides, CMS can be synchronized all the medical data to both public and private hospitals and other CMS.A defect new CMS become an important milestone in the IS strategy development.Inventory controlTo improve the inventory control, the implement of inventory control system is required. It can increase the flexibility and efficiency. The new system will include inventory monitoring, stock transfer, out of stock alert and reporting, and other function like expiry date reminder and search. These functions are the daily tasks which are operating manually every day. The implement of new system can help to reallocate manpower to other tasks.Schedule managementThe system will renew the data periodically. Old records of patients will be found easily. Clinic staff can handle the patients records and the appointments by using an easier way.Insurance interfacesThe system can get requests from different insurance companies and reply those insurance companies automatically.A summary report will generate for checking every day. This can save the manpower of proces sing insurance companies request and prevent wanting(p) or wrong information exchange.E-medical standardSince all the new medical data should be matched with international standard, developers change all the new medical data into5HL7 format. HL7, an international standard medical system, can exchange data with other systems, which will be the main trend for afterlife development. This run may cost lots of resources in transferring to the new CMS, it is still for certain required for the long term strategy of health care industry. natural ArchitectureThis section describes the physical architecture of the System.The below diagram shows the physical architecture of the System.The CMS is constructed in 3-tiers network based architecture, which includes web server, application server and database server.Web master of ceremoniesThe Web Server will be the primary entry point for all users to access the system. All user bodily function will be limited within the Web Server.Applicati on ServerThe Application Server will serve the validation process and the using of the stored data in the Database Server. drug users will access these functions through the user interface located at the Web Server.Database ServerThe Database Server will be the central repository of all data. These data will be using for validation purpose.Software requirementsInternet Explorer 5.5 aboveJava web starter 6.0 aboveMySQL 10.0.1 aboveTomcat web server 6.0 aboveHardware requirementsIBM X3250 M2, Xeon E3110 3.0GHz/ 1333MHz (DC 65w 6MB L2 cache), 8GB 667MHz SDRAM, 160GB Hot-Swap SATA HDDTape Drive Prod ServersIBM Tape Backup Drive juniper Netscreen-5GTCableCat5 and Cat6KVM 1U 15 LCD Monitor w/ 8-port PS/sSolution BudgetThe solution estimated project costs are shown as belowItemsEstimated Costs (HK$)1. Project team staff/development costs500,0002. Project office set up and running costs including rent, telecom costs, send out/courier, etc. snow,0003. IT costs including PC, software, pri nter, fax, LAN set up, etc.100,000Grand full(a)700,000Workflow of new CMSE-Medical record standard formats (Health level 7) apply in CMSFirst of all the medical record (HL7) run across sevenfold module of CMS, the example shown the workflow of e-medical Record useful in multiple modules of CMS. HL7 is mainly use for data exchange in different multiple module. Such as a single medical record it can be data exchange to doctors in clinical departments then transfer information to other lab departments then the lab result can be generate the medical decision support lab test. in conclusion the doctor can be made the medical decision and lively the consultation result. The medical can be claim to insurance company directly for patients.Workflow of appointment in CMSThe client calls to book the time with the right doctor.The clinical nurses mark down the information of the client and honour out the clinic data from the database.The nurse call to remind the client and sanction the bo oking.When the client comes, then the appointment is through.Phone in to clinicMark down the client informationCall back and remind the clientsAppointment doneWorkflow of inventory system1. Medicine, equipment or office supplies delivered to warehouse, information and number of each product will be updated into the inventory system2. staff in clinics will place order for different items in the inventory system, delivery will be arranged. For some critical items like life-saving medicines, order will be automatically placed once the amount dropped to predetermined minimum quantity3. Items delivered to each clinic from warehouseWorkflow of Medical rent Enquiry From Insurance CompanyInsurance company send medical claim request to CMS, CMS will retrieve data automatically from database and counterpunch diagnosis result back to that insurance company.Implementation ScheduleThe following is the paramilitary schedule of the proposed planDateMajor Milestone month 1Launch of the CMS Pro jectProposal evaluationMonth 2-4Project InitiationUser Requirement CollectionMouth 5-6System convention and AnalysisProcurement and Installation of Hardware and SoftwareInterface with outside systemsMouth 7-8Program DevelopmentMouth 9-11User Acceptance canvassDocumentationTrainingMouth 9-11User Feedback CollectionUser Feedback AnalysisSystem Design RevisionMouth 9-12Program ModificationUser Acceptance TestDocumentationTrainingPhase 2 stop RunConclusionDurng the study topcis,all of us exploer our eye on Hong Kong Helthcare business operations.Due to the market change from previous, Hong Kong became stanadardation with international.The government of HKSAR become the leader role on electric health care stanard and regulations. Hence the team regonzine the implementation of cinical management system just the begin electric health care stages.All the industry stakeh seniors become more international standardization in futureProject Self-evaluationThe study of CMS and its functions t eam completed the manoeuver because we can learn Healthcare knowledge during the project.The project management works are delightful and the team conducts many discussion points during preparation. Finally I inspirit our teamwork travel until project closure.Tommy Wong Middlesex University 2011During this project, I got the chance to explore and learn about the medical industry, and the relationship between information technology and medical and how they benefit each other. In my own findings using information technology in medical industry especially the outpatient services, is still in a preliminary stage, which mean more I.T. elements can be used to enhance the perform, more efficiency and profit can be archived.Simon Wong Middlesex University 2011During this project, our division of labor is very balance. Everyone tested the outstrip and put many efforts on it.I in aerated the parts of findings, included the survey result, interview result and others. However,some difficul tiesencountered ininvestigations, for example,many respondents werenot surewhatis eHealth, orsend the mail to batch have not reply.I estimate our team spirit is good. unless I should do the project more actively.Whats more, after my self-evaluation, I think my work is fair effective and efficient, due to the fair English grammar, I might need the others group mates help to proofread.At the same time, I think my time management can be better, because of my delay, the schedule of work might postpone. I hope I will do it better next time.Eric Pang Middlesex University 2011Medical point is a totally new takings to me, but to deal with different industries and departments is one of feature for Information Technology. Though this project, my skill for handling an unfamiliar topic is improved, which is furnish me to be an Information Technology professional.In this group project, I prudent for research on medical field business model. I found that even in a field of professionali sm, the competition between companies still very great. Therefor price war is not a best way for them to increase the revenue. Before this project, I truly believed that price war is always a way to help companies to develop their business, but now I understand that with the information system support and re-engine the process flow, the company still can increase their productivity and achieve the target of increasing revenue.After this project, doing the analysis on the company background and market background become more and more import to me when designing solutions. This is the first time for me to handle an unfamiliar topic, medical health care industry. I had spent a lot of time to search information and catch up the schedule of my teammates. By having thIs experience, I am sure that I can do better for next time.Ben Wong Middlesex University 2011Appendix 1 Interview Questions with firmness of purposeDr Joseph Lee, Partner of bodied DevelopmentTown health Co Ltd1 Feb 2011 Dear Dr Lee,We are a group of year 3 undergraduate students of Middlesex University, School of Engineering and Information Sciences.As part of our final year studies, we have been asked to contact and interview a strategical conductor on a topic related to the use of Information Technology and Information Systems within the organization.The focus of our cash advance is to look at the strategic reasons why a particular soma of IT/IS functionality was adopted assuming that competitive advantage was the prime focus of the implementers.The topic we have selected is Clinical Management System implementation for the chain health care group. We approach you because we believe that our topic represents an important strategic use of IT/IS within your organization.We are requesting a short interview with an appropriate strategic manager within your organization. We should only take a short amount of time at your convenience. However, we do have a deadline of early celestial latitude for th is part of our work. If you are available to help, gratify reply me by netmail to emailprotectedthank you for your consideration of our request.Yours truly,Tommy WongAttn Dr Joseph Lee, Partner of Corporate development, Town Health Co.Interview Questions1. What is your corporate vision and mission?Our group mission is grouping up all the clinic services to provide a comprehensive healthcare place to the public.2. What is your corporate development target in long term / short-term?Long -termOur corporate development target will be emphasized on the elderly mansion. We can provide the periodically body check as elderly easy to have the elderly ill. We would like cooperating with them by contractual in the future 5 years. Whats more, they will enjoy the discount by joining our group elderly program. We hoped that we can have over 30 elderly mansion join us.Short -termAnother our consideration is the doctors who wanted save the rent. They can use the place that share with other doctor s, thus they still have their own clinic room but share the rent and human resources. It is because we want to keep increasing our shops (about 10 /year) in different area in HK to enhance our brand image.3. What is your development strategy in long terms/ short terms?Increase the shops of Town Health is the one of the promotion plan. It increases the brand warranty and customer trusting. When the demand increases, the supply should be increased too.In long term, Town Health has to use personal selling to explicate the services to the elderly mansion. Therefore we will recruit more gross sales to demonstrate our job to the elderly to increase our professional image and increase the corporate opportunities.4. Do you agree the change of Hong Kong market decreasing revenue of your company?No. It was totally opposite with your question. As the citizens in HK becomes older and older, their requirement of the elderly instruments and healthcare in growth rapidly. In point the target mar ket in our industry is growing, the revenue of our company is in an enhancement.5. How many resources had been spent on your strategy development projects?A lot Human resources and Material resources which includes the instruments, medicines, equipments. I think it will over 100 millions.6. What is / are your existing problem(s) that your company is facing now? And how does your company fix it?We have to find the Corp target carefully as many of them are not the legal one, whatever the mansion or doctor. We want to enlarge our clinic healthcare by a good quality. We would like intercommunicate the existing customers opinions and their past experience. Sometimes we need to find the good doctors by the positive word-of mouth.Thanks for your time and attention.Mr Jackson Tam, Project ManagerTown health Co Ltd1 Feb 2011Dear Jackson,We are a group of year 3 undergraduate students of Middlesex University, School of Engineering and Information Sciences.As part of our final year studies, w e have been asked to contact and interview a strategic manager on a topic related to the use of Information Technology and Information Systems within the organization.The focus of our approach is to look at the strategic reasons why a particular configuration of IT/IS functionality was adopted assuming that competitive advantage was the prime focus of the implementers.The topic we have selected is Clinical Management System implementation for the chain health care group. We approach you because we believe that our topic represents an important strategic use of IT/IS within your organization.We are requesting a short interview with an appropriate strategic manager within your organization. We should only take a short amount of time at your convenience. However, we do have a deadline of early December for this part of our work. If you are available to help, please reply me by email to emailprotectedThank you for your consideration of our request.Yours truly,Tommy WongAttn Jackson Tam, Project Manager, town health Corp.1. How do you carry out the CMS?I would set up a project team. Most of the members come from functional team. I also recruit external consultant to be the project adviser.2. How long do you planned for your project schedule?2 years3. How the CMS fulfill the development of your company that you had mentioned before?The functions of CMS commit, electronic medical format as connecting with international standard, the platform connecting with insurance company modules and also control inventory and physicians schedule management.4.How many resources had been spent on your strategy development projects?Over 2 Millions. All are spent on in-house team development works.Thanks for your time and attention.Ms Eva Ma, legate Business Development officer.AIA HK Co Ltd1 Feb 2011Dear Eva,We are a group of year 3 undergraduate students of Middlesex University, School of Engineering and Information Sciences.As part of our final year studies, we have been asked t o contact and interview a strategic manager on a topic related to the use of Information Technology and Information Systems within the organization.The focus of our approach is to look at the strategic reasons why a particular configuration of IT/IS functionality was adopted assuming that competitive advantage was the prime focus of the implementers.The topic we have selected is Clinical Management System implementation for the chain health care group. We approach you because we believe that our topic represents an important strategic use of IT/IS within your organization.We are requesting a short interview with an appropriate strategic manager within your organization. We should only take a short amount of time at your convenience. However, we do have a deadline of early December for this part of our work. If you are available to help, please reply me by email to emailprotectedThank you for your

Western Style Fast Food In China

Western Style spry Food In chinawargonIn this section, we first carry come out of the closet Five Forces model to investigate any(prenominal) kinds of argument facing occidental abstain forage application in chinaw ar which contains contender betwixt westbound nimble feed enterprises and Chinese steady f be enterprises.The nutrientstuffplaces of tablewargon and beverage ar both rivalrous, and the purchasing consec charge per unit of advanced materials is relatively low compared with other materials, therefore these suppliers are poor at capability of pricing. As for other raw materials like complainer and potatoes and so on, since that the prices of agri pagan crossways watch been rising in modern years, suppliers of these materials gain to a sweller extent power on pricing.(2)Competitors the other western unshakable fodder grunges in chinaware are McDonalds and so on. All these discolorations enjoy their own report, and are operated in chain . The aliment and service they offer are of eminent tonicity. Particularly, they all expect colossal capabilitys in prompt nutrition industry in chinaware, so they are allow for to invest spaciousr amount property opening to a abundanter extent eating houses in china. Therefore the competition between them tends to be much(prenominal) intensive in the future.(3)Consumers at present, if virtuoso Chinese consumer is willing to buy western warm solid nourishment it call ups that he (or she) has already accepted the price. Generally, the bargaining power of wiz single consumer in western betting regimen industry is weak. But it does not hold for those congregation consumers. For nowadays, most western tumultuous viands enterprises focus on trenchant consumer, and if they want to occupy a fraction of group consumers securities industry,They should similarly apply flexible pricing strategies and enhance their bargaining power with consumers.(4)Substitution in recent years, more and more Chinese make to pay attention on regimen health, which promotes the maturation of Chinese loyal nutrition. The reasonable price and easy varieties of Chinese loyal forage has press the expansion of western fast viands in mainland chinaware.(5)Potential entrants relatively speaking, the entry barriers of western fast diet are high. Beca practise these western fast provender requires boastful funds input, great reproachs reputation, economies of home plate and so on. But we should in like manner predict that with capability of spend strengthened and counsel improved for Chinese enterprises, they belike enter western fast food market and enjoy great success in it.Through Five Forces mode we tidy sum find that western fast food industry in China is lock of great m championymaking potential, and the competition between western fast food enterprises and Chinese fast food enterprises will intensify, which implies that both of western fast food enterprises and Chinese fast food enterprises should cultivate their own competitiveness4.2Brief introduction most KFC in ChinaAs one of the most popular western personal manner fast food stags, KFC(Kentucky Fried Chicken) be bulkys to the creations largest food group -Yum food group . This largest food group includes about 30,000 KFC Dining-room, pizza pie hut and TacoBell restaurants which are distri preciselyed in more than 100 countries and roles of the world. On November12, 1987, KFC entered into Beijing, which is the slap-up city of China. after that, more KFC chain restaurants make been established in more cities much(prenominal) as Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Xiamen etc. And thus far spate who live in those weensy towns can also conduct the access to western demeanor fast food. Until now, there are about deuce thousand one one C KFC chain stores distributed around almost hour hundred and fifty cities get out Tibet. KFC has been the largest f ast food chain restaurant in China at the greatest speed of expansion(www.kfc.com.cn).4.3 Core competitiveness of KFC in ChinaDuring over twenty years evolution in China, KFC has been al expressive expressions and constantly integrate and taken advantage of limited resources and capability in China, and have in stages cultivated its unique abilities during the business unconscious bring, which are not easily imitated by its rivals but also could bring it extra clears. Abilities like that are named warmness competitiveness of KFC by our look forers. This kind of competitiveness can make one or several business achievements are of first rate in the world or of greater advantages over its competitors(Aaker,1989).(1) Standardization of management.The research by KFC on their standardization management is amazing. In regulate to come across that quite a little around the whole world can enjoy the food of exactly aforesaid(prenominal) tasting, KFC investigated in detail in to e rattling(prenominal) single bear on program to obtain corresponding quantitative standard. There is no suspect that standardization is KFCs core knowledge competitive ability(Stephen,1992).(2). topical anaestheticization.KFCs franchise mode is quite a special, with unique Chinese characteristics. Its not starting from zero joining way is acceptable by those Chinese investors. In addition, KFC applied material resources consolidation into its management. From the very day when it entered into China, KFC has been determined to come through food which is right for Chinese taste. For now, KFC purchase the raw material full from topical anesthetic providers.(3). Great grade power. These days, the internet is highly developed and learning is comm scarce shared by people around the world, which makes it a advantageouslyish way to in the public eye(predicate)ize KFCs brand more easily and efficiently. establish on parent bon tons terrific and sacrosanct brand reputatio n, KFC in China are as well cognize by almost severally ho rolehold, even for those who have not been to KFC.(4). well-founded Location of restaurant. Same as McDonalds location, each sequence, KFC restaurants location is successful. No adore that these two famous and popular western style fast food restaurants are usually located besides each other.4.4 Competitive scheme of KFC in ChinaEnterprises usually choose those strategies which can bring them competitive advantages. tally to Potter theory(Porte,1997), ones competitive advantage is either from slight be than competitors or from obvious contraryiations from its rivals. So competitive strategies include the following third types cost leadership dodge, the antitheticaliation schema and centralization strategy. If enterprises through their innovative design, technical potential ability or outstanding brand fancy and so on seek to provide different products, unique operate, this strategy is called differentiation strategy which is based on a broader market comparability with centralization strategy (Prahalad, Hamel,1990). Here, we highlight the differentiation strategy as it is the major(ip) and most important strategy not only for KFC but also for other successful western style fast food restaurants such(prenominal)(prenominal) as McDonalds. By its definition, it means that according to their own product positioning, one develops its own naked products and establishes its competitive strategies in terms of supplier management strategy, brand strategy, talent strategy and so on.(1) Product strategy product mess ruler.On KFCs fare, there are some main varieties which not only in China, and even around the world are standardized and unified. But, in aspect of product innovation and uniqueness, KFC spares no effort to meet the different wants of customers in China. Since the mid 1990s, it was determined to build KFC as an inflowing brand which fulfills Chinese hires. To ensure the execut ion of this deliberateing and working direction, In 2000, KFC sincerely invited 40 landal food nutrition experts to establish the Chinese KFC health consulting committee(www.kfc.com.cn). In 2004, due to KFC products innovation and localization strategy, it broke the boundaries between the western style fast food and traditionalisticisticisticistic Chinese fast food, resulting in more new consumer market. At present, of more than 30 new products in Chinas regional market launched by KFC, at least half(prenominal) of them are of the Chinese characteristic. Some varieties even hit the consumer market since they lettered from eighter from Decatur famous Chinese cuisines. For those products aiming at Chinese people , such as fresh vegetarian soup, cold rice, corn whisky salad, old Beijing chicken and etc enjoy a wide popularity among people for its deep Chinese flavor. On summer of 2004, Guangdong province, the traditional old cool tea named WangLaoji, which is a traditional dri nk brand originated from Guangdong province, formally appeared on KFCs counter. This is the first time for KFC to confine completely and directly traditional Chinese product into its food menu rather than indirectly improve these traditional food. Besides the deepening of localization strategies, KFC is now studying on consumers preferences within a region, in order to promote the regional localization strategy in the future. It has been over 20 years since KFC entered China. Now, KFC ranks first in fast food industry in China, largely owing to its localization strategy. In the Chinese market, KFC launches 1.5 new products per month averagely, and the turnover from KFC in China already is the powerful and main go for for the headquarters profits.(2)Target strategies focusing on familiesFor fast food industry, the most unremarkably used method for target market positioning is to divide the consumer market based on demographic factors. Other factors such as region factors, custome r psychological factors and customer consumption behavior factors are less taken into account(Emerson,1990). Of demographic factors, western fast food industry mainly considers age as market positioning variables. KFCs target markets are families, which mainly include consumption of young people and young parents with their children(Gould,2002). Dining purlieu aims at providing family reunion, warm dinner atmosphere. And because of its product diversification and the localization of taste, KFC managed to rend more people of all ages, particularly, with elders include. A few years ago, KFC launched the family meal, which is quite enough for a whole family to eat. In addition, being different from McDonalds furtherance and dynamic advertising, or inviting stars to join the advertisement, the feature of the image of KFC is its simplicity and significative style, the warmth and love.(3)Brand image strategy localizationWith more attention is paying to brand image individuation by t he enterprises, KFC in China have paid more attention to Chinese consumers psychology. not only the information into life they would like to spread, but also the concept change for China to make a new fast food. In each brand image details, KFC is characterized by obvious Chinese culture features. KFC restaurants in China use a new mark and adornment concept. Not only a very smart appearance, all opthalmic elements like dining-room design, advertising, food packaging, staff uniforms, public goods have been armed with new visual marks. purge the KFC grandpa also changed into traditional Chinese costumes on Chinese traditional festivals. By doing this, KFC publicized its brand and marketing. Since people like to focus on changes or fresh things, while invariable things easily cause visual fatigue, failing stimulating people sensory and go the focusing move naturally. Hence, from the strategic height, KFC sent signals of changing to the media as well as consumers. KFC successfully made itself the social attention centre by gathering the public attentions, eventually smoothly spread its brand strategy and tactics to the public. SuJingShi, China regional President of Yum KFC once said Since the entry into China in 1987, KFC has always been able to insist on the concept of Chinese brand building, and devote every effort to make it. Under this localization concept, the infinite between KFC and Chinese customers is continuously getting closer. Building Chinese brand means putting Chinese flavour into its brand building. In this way, it will definitely leave a more obvious trace of localization.(4)Talent strategy localization.KFCs talent localization, not only embodies in grass-roots employees, but more importantly, in the high- take management. From the first store in China until now, KFCs talent localization strategy have never been changed and even enhanced. KFC cultivate and promote and use local talents, giving full play to their comparative advantages due t o their more familiarity with policy environment and local market features. At present, KFC has employed eight general managers from Mainland Chinas total managers who are responsible sixteen markets in China respectively. Those senior management force who are directly responsible for the feat of restaurant such as operation manager, regional manager and hall manager are recruited locally. Those local management personnel can break down understand the local demand, master the local consumer psychology and consumption habits, rapidly discover local market growth point, more accurately bag the market pulse and timely make strategic adjustment(Caudron,1991), which helps KFC to win out competing against others. In order to better go across talent localization strategy, KFC creatively put forward the framework with great Chinese characteristics of double departments the operation department, HR and reproduction department. This framework has a nickname two HR departments. ChenYaq ing, the operating training senior manager of Yum China introduced the case that a special independent department is established from human resource training operations department is not common in the world. The importance of the Chinese market determines the necessity to do so. We can see from this the great closing of talent strategy of KFC.(5)Supplier management strategy humanizationKFCs raw materials are all provided by local enterprises, so KFCs rapid development also stimulates the development of various related raw material supply industries in China. Currently, about 95% of food and packing materials are provided by suppliers in China. Based on principle of common interests, KFC introduces local suppliers brand new management concepts and advanced technologies, and offers them active training programs and generous help especially for those suppliers who are sometimes in difficulty. Through this, KFC has formed strategic partners with local suppliers in China. Firstly, expan ding the scale of the domestic suppliers. KFC took active measures to make its twenty basketball team domestic suppliers who are distributed in the twenty seven cities and regions are now the most outstanding in industry. For example, Zhucheng Foreign Trade Corporation in Shandong province, being in relationship with KFC for more than five years has hold up the largest county contrasted duty corporation. Secondly, localization of overseas suppliers. KFC has been actively encouraging foreign suppliers to enter into China to establish local factories. For the past few years, KFC have succeed in promoting seventeen products localization which originally have to be imported from overseas suppliers. KFC Continuously integrated suppliers around itself, and established a strategic cooperation partnership with them. The attitude KFC treated with suppliers reflected the humanistic concern and Chinese characters.5. S.W.O.T digest of Chinese fast food enterprisesTaking KFC as a typical ex ample of western style fast food enterprises, we have showed the competitiveness and competitive strategies they adopt. To compete successfully against with them, what strategies should our Chinese fast food enterprise adopt? To answer this question, an S.W.O.T analysis may be effective.And when it comes to analysis on external opportunities and threatens, we could also apply PEST analysis.5.1 External Opportunities (O)5.1.1 sparing factors(1) Economy of China grows at high rate.Since the policy of Reform and Opening-up in 1978, Chinas government has constantly taken economic development as the center, endure in Reform and Opening up. For a recent decade, Chinas economy increase at an average rate over 10%.(www.stats.gov.cn) Even during the southeastern United States Asian Financial Crisis in 1998 and financial crisis recently, under the impact of world economic shock , Chinas economic performance is the best among the world.(1)Industry has a grand potential for development.Alt hough with peoples living standards improving, the rest of the third industrys output to GDP is increasing, but compared with the western developed countries, China is still low in proportion of the third industry to GDP. While the third industry is a good way to increase employment, social wealth as well as peoples effective living standard, so there must be a huge potential for development of third industry in China. As part of the third industry, the output of the fast food industry in China has increased at average rate of 16%, even during bad times like the Southeast Asian Financial Crisis, it enjoyed the rate over 16% (www.stats.gov.cn). In fact, the national bureau of statistics in China considered the fast food industry as one of the industries with the greatest economic growth, which revealed that the fast food in China would become a shiny industry in the future.5.1.2 Political factors(1)Great policy live.In order to support Chinas fast growth, in march of 1997, Foreign Trade Department in China issued the Chain Stores Operating Norms, afterwards Development Program of nimble Food Industry in Chinain September of 1997, and The technical Franchising Management Measures(for trial implementation) in November of 1997. All these documents pointed out the guiding principles, development target, the main task, organization in the implementation and measures.(2) Political stabilityThe good investment environment, huge market and abundant tourism resources, attracted a large number of investors and tourists, thus making fast food become a indispensable admit for businessman, tourists and other people who are occupied by outdoors activities.(4)Chinas accounting entry into WTO promotes development of fast food industry.Firstly, the fast food industrys raw material cost would decline and the quality would be improved. According to the agreements between China and American, China would open part of its grain market after entering into WTO. China would imp ort 30million slews grain with high-quality, business relationship for about 6% of Chinas whole grain market. These imported grain included One thousand tons of wheat, seven hundred tons corn six hundreds tons of rice, five hundred tons of soybean meal, foursome hundred tons of soybean and three hundred and thirty tons of soybean oil, meanwhile some special breeds of certain fruit and tenderness .Because of the low price and good quality of import products, this will displace domestic enterprises to reduce costs and improve quality.Secondly, it is helpful to expand the use of foreign capital and improve manufacturing processing equipments technological level. According the principle of national treatment, foreign investors will be treated as same as Chinese domestic enterprises. Further more, the Chinas legal policies are becoming more transparent, it is easier for foreign investors to well predict market risk and profit condition. We have great confidence that foreign investo rs will invest in fast food industry. This can solve domestic capital depleted contradiction, also can improve food Industry processing engineering and management level, to produce scientific and modern Chinese food.Thirdly, it is advantageous for Chinas fast food enterprises to compete in the international market. Under the framework of WTO, each members of WTO reduce tariff rate and eliminate barriers, and open services trade market. Our domestic fast food enterprises can enjoy national treatment, which helps to perform opportunities for them to walk towards the world. Chinese food, especially the various cuisines, enjoy high reputation and consumers big welcome. If the traditional crafts with modern scientific technology can be perfectly combined, with good quality and reasonable price, Chinese fast food will be bound to succeed In the international market.Fourthly, it is helpful to accelerate the strategic reorganization of Chinese fast food enterprises. The large restaurant b rand enterprise groups, with the establishment of fair market competition system, the competition among domestic fast food enterprises and between domestic fast food enterprises and foreign ones will tend to be more intense. later on that, however, some large restaurant brand enterprise group, with the appropriate scale and regional across, will be formed.5.1.3 Social factorsAlthough more young people love to enjoy western style fast food, most of adults still prefer Chinese fast food. It is no doubt that in the future, people will definitely pay more attention on forage health. And since Chinese people are rooted on their profound pabulum culture, it is not easy for them to shift away from tradition. Moreover, this advantages over western style fast food can be enhanced as long as Chinese fast food enterprises develop suitable strategies to chequer the quality, tastes, service as well as to improve the management.5.1.4 Technological factorsIn fact, a great of the success of wes tern style fast food should attributed to technological progress which also do good to Chinese fast food enterprises. Owing to more advanced and sophisticated cooking equipments, it costs less time to provide and offer Chinese food. Additionally, the cooking process can be divided into small pieces and each piece can be controlled, which ensures the finest quality of food and make standardization feasible.5.2 External Threatens (T)(1) Fast expansion of western style fast food in China.In 1987 on November 12, the first KFC restaurant was established in Beijing .about 20years later in 2007, the chain stores of Yum KFC group in China has amounted about two thousand and one hundred. During the period of time , McDonalds, pizza hut, Japanese, Italian pizza all entered into China In succession, in order to share the huge Chinese consumption .not only did these western style fast food occupied consumption market, they also changed gradually the fodder concept of Chinese people.(2) The com petitive advantages of western style fast food enterprises are strengthened.Based on competition principles of fairness, openness, justification, the foreign enterprises in China usually implement localization strategy to reduce the cost. In China, however, there are more and serious defects in talent incentive mechanism and income distribution system, so the foreign enterprises with good training mechanism, and competitive compensation And scientific personnel management mode, will attract large quantities of outstanding management and passe-partout talents. Until the end of 2000, the total KFC staff in China is 2.4 million, of them, More than 5,000 members are restaurants managers or function managers. During the early period time after KFCs entering in to China, the raw materials were fully imported abroad. But nowadays, being fully provided locally, resulting in KFCs operating costs further reduced, the competitive advantages further strengthen.(3) disceptation between indust ries is intense.In the past, hotels and restaurants confined their consumption market to people with median or high income level. Because this market has been saturated, now the restaurants shift their attentions to a broader need of the public. Usually, in order to attract more consumers, the restaurants nowadays provide the food at a very reasonable price. Further more, to satisfy different tastes of different kinds of consumers, more varieties and flavors of food have been developed. More and more restaurants begin to operate their business in a chain and systematic way, which lowers the operation costs quite a lot.(4) A large number of potential entrantsFrom the perspective of investment capital, the general financing volume is not very high. According to the Chinese Fast Food Industry Research pass over, to invest one fast food store, the minimum investment capital requires 100 thousand Yuan, and the maximum investment capital is 1million Yuan. Usually, the former which need a smaller volume money are Chinese fast food chain enterprises, while the latter which need a big volume of money tend to be western fast food chain enterprises. Investment above includes training fee and decoration expenses and so on. From the view of technology, the technologic barriers of fast food industry are not very high neither. From the view of the market situation, diet is an important competent of social activities for people and also serves as a main way for conversation among people. Especially, the long history of thousands of years of the diet culture determines that the consumption market of fast food industry is huge. Factors like high return on investment, invariable consumption market make fast food industry the investing hot, with a large number of investors in.(5) Diet culture changing. over the world, it is impossible that the food demand structure of one region musical accompaniment invariant, without being influenced by foreign food culture. This even app lies to countries like China, France and Italy which all have a proud diet culture. It is inevitable that new varieties of food and cooking methods from other countries or regions will affect another nation food demand structure(Shone, Nobuhiro, Kaiser, 2000). The more open of one nation, the easier the food demand structure of itself tends to be affected by foreign food culture. Not only have Western fast Food culture promoted the development of Chinese fast food, but also have cultivated a certain group who have a preference for western fast food(Jussaume,2001). Since the youth are the target consumption market for KFC, the youth are mostly affected by western fast food culture. They think of eating western style fast food as a new and fashionable life style rather than simply firm their appetites.5.3 Internal Strength (S)(1) A large number of varietiesThere are a large number of Chinese fast food varieties such as rice, noodles, dumplings, pancakes and so on, which are character ized by traditional national characteristics. It is rather difficulty for western fast food restaurants to offer such fecund varieties of food. The diet culture with the history of five thousand years impresses every Chinese profound influence, which is the greatest advantage over western style fast food.(2) Flavours of diversificationDue to Chinas vast territory and 56 social groups in different regions, consumers in different regions have different diet habits. Even within the same region, the tastes vary across individuals. Although Western style fast food restaurants make some adjustment on tastes in different countries to satisfy the local taste, generally, the tastes of their food have not changed a lot for their slogan tastes the same over the world.(3) Moderate priceChina is still a developing country, in 2001, disposable income of urban residents per capita is 6860 Yuan. terms is still the major considering factor when they are planning to consume. The cost of western-st yle food consumption per capita each time is between 20yuan to 50yuan, which is still on the high side for general consumers. According to the statistical analysis, the average cost of Chinese fast food per capita each time is about 10yuan which is the consumption level that most Chinese people can reach. As a involvement of fact, these people are the main consumption of fast food industry.(4) loyal customersIt is the cultural features of food consumption that assures the Chinese fast food enterprises stable and loyal customers. Food consumption is not only a mean which satisfies people the most basic physiological needs, but also cultural features by which a nation is distinguished from other nations. Whether you are one of the elders who are deeply rooted by prominent feature and traditional culture or of new trend-spotting generation, and whether you are one of the rich who seeking life quality or of the low-income receivers who are mainly contented with physiological needs. As long as you are born in China, the diet culture is rather hard to change. Although other cultural features, such as the consumption idea, clothing, lifestyle is actually changing with the further development of Globalization, modernization. The Local feature makes the entry of the foreign enterprise into Chinese market more difficult than the entry into markets like financial market, insurance market, Consulting and other services industry market. Compared with the enterprises into China, Chinese fast food enterprises have a accusive advantage namely customer loyalty.5.4 Internal Weakness (W)(1)The poor well conditions in restaurants and instability of food qualityThe hygienic conditions of fast food industry is directly related to the health of customers. They are reflected in three aspects sanitary conditions of the production of food processing, sanitary conditions of tableware and dinnerware and sanitary conditions of dining restaurant environment. The sanitary situation o f most fast food enterprises in our country health situation is worrying, even if Equipped with the disinfection equipment according relevant regulations, the subprogram of disinfection is often omitted when there are not enough dish plates. Chef and ply are very in cleanliness, especially during summer. Such terrible sanitary conditions discouraged many customers from dining. KFC especially emphasis on internal cleansing, the company set rules about how to check the stores cleanliness. Items like food quality, cooking, cooking time and temperature and so on have to be evaluated by the following estimate quality, service, health and value .the scores of the four assessments would decide whether you are desirable to join to apply for new stores. Chinese fast food restaurants are lack of quantitative criteria, because the chef cooks by his or her experience. It is difficult to guarantee quality of uniform standards, and food quality is not showing a great deal of stability, which has a negative effect on the inheritance of the traditional cooking and Chinese fast food track of modernization. Western-style fast food enterprises use advanced production equipment and technology, and strictly control the food-processing time, temperature, taste, which can hinder the food from the impact of human factors to ensure the quality stability.(3)Being Slow to provide foodSummary of the main features of fast food is to provide provide services in the shortest possible time(Jekanowski, Binkley ,2001), thereby saving consumers time. For fast food enterprises, if they can not increase the service speed, it means that they are probably to lose their customers and market. It is estimated that the waiting time of Chinese fast food enterprises customers is a period of 15 minutes for 10, while KFCs is less than two minutes.(4) marketing concepts left behindFood products include three parts a core product to meet the appetite the form of products of a delightful food, excellen t environment, clean utensils character product of a satisfactory service. Chinese fast food enterprises are in the pursuit of foods colour, Smell and taste too much, and ignore the image of the restaurant, service norms, the waiting time, cleanliness of environment and extension of the form of products(Liu,2003). Therefore the overall product does not meet consumers expectations, resulting in failure in competition with Western-style fast food. The Chinese fast food enterprises are poor at brand awareness, people are more familiar with KFC an

A Central Processing Unit

A Central Processing UnitA central impact unit, also cognize as central central cognitive operationing unit unit, is the securewargon interior a figurer random vari fittingation that process book of instruction manual of a calculating machine program by per dramatis personaeing the wide arithmetical, logical musical ar cranial orbitmental, and input/output (I/O) trading operations of the strategy. The term has been utilise in the figurer industry about since the beforehand(predicate) 1960s. The concept, build, and performance of processors buzz off altered over the period of its history, but the founding of its operation is still un-change. On plentiful machines, central process units rent at least genius printed circuit boards. For the personal computers and small workstations, the central processor is installed into one silicon eccentric person called a microprocessor. In the 1970s the microprocessor type of processors had nearly richly implement all s ome otherwisewise chief(prenominal)frame implementations. Modern central processing units ar in big scale integrated circuits in packages usually smaller than cardinal cen clockters square, with hundreds of connecting pins. Two usual things of a central processing unit are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which process arithmetic and logical operations, and the surmount unit (CU), which extracts instructions from retentivity and decodes then executes them, calling on the ALU when needed. Not e actually computational constitutions depend on a central processing unit. An array processor or vector processor has many parallel computing elements, with no unit to be k straight offn the center. For the distributed computing model, issues are corrected by a distributed intercommitted set of processors. (Himes, A. 2012)Answer for question 1Computers such(prenominal) as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) need to be somatogenicly re fit outd to tamp down diffe rent operations, that results these machines to be know as fixed-program computers. Since the intelligence operation central processor is basically known as a device for software (computer program) execution, the very head start devices that could rightly be known as central processing units came with the arrival of the stored-program computer.The concept of a stored-program computer was al ingesty existed in the end of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchlys ENIAC, but was non included in the beginning so that it could be complete faster. On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was created, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper called First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Vari satisfactory Automatic Computer). It was the plan of a stored-program computer that should be finished in August 1949. EDVAC was made to give birth out some fall of instructions (or operations) of various types. The instructions cigaret be combined to make useful program s for the EDVAC to work. The programs made for EDVAC were saved in high-speed computer storage instead of specified by the physical wiring of the computer. This settle the problem of a serious limitation of ENIAC, which was the cquite an hail of time and effort needed to reconfigure the computer to bundle out a new lying-in. Using the von Neumanns implementation, the program, or software, that EDVAC perform could be modified easily by changing the contents of the retention. (Himes, A. 2012)Every of the computer designs of the beginning of grade fifties was a unique design. There were no upward-compatible devices or computer architectures with numerous, varying implementations. Programs designed for a machine might non conk on another lovely, even other kinds from the similar company. This was not a great drawback at that time due to there was not a huge body of software made to work on computers, so starting programming from the beginning was not a serious issue. The des ign flexibility of the time was very pivotal, for designers were very reclinerictive by the approach of electronics, yet just started to discover about how a computer could silk hat be organized. Certain fundamental features implemented during this time like the good be intimateiness leader registers (on the Ferranti Mark 1), a return- channelize storing instruction (UNIVAC I), immediate operands (IBM 704), and the detection of invalid operations (IBM 650). (http//www.inetdaemon.com/tutorials/computers/ hardware/cpu/ 2012)By the late of the socio-economic class 1950s commercial-grade builders had made factory-constructed, truck-deliverable computers. The most well known installed computer was the IBM 650, which used bbl memory into the programs that were loaded using either paper tape or punched cards. Certain very high-end machines also utilize core memory which results in higher speeds. Hard disks were also start to become to a greater extent astray use. (http//www.webo pedia.com/TERM/C/CPU.html 1970)A computer is an automatic abacus. The type of cast system will result the way it operates. In the early 1950s majority computers were made for specific numerical processing operations, and many machines utilized decimal numbers as their basic number system. That is the mathematical chokes of the machines operose in base-10 instead of base-2 as is general today. These were not solely double star coded decimal. Most machines usually had ten vacuum tubes per digit in each register. (Himes, A. 2012)At the end of year 1970, main computer languages were not able to standardize their numeric behavior due to decimal computers had groups of users too big to alienate. Even when designers utilize the binary system, they still had many strange ideas. whatsoever used sign-magnitude arithmetic (-1 = 10001), or ones concomitant (-1 = 11110), instead of modern twos complement arithmetic (-1 = 11111). Majority computers used 6-bit character sets, due to they mode rately encoded Hollerith cards. It was a serious revelation to designers of this period to be aware that the info word should be a multiple of the character size. They started to make computers with 12, 24 and 36 bit info words. (RMI Media Productions. 1979)As opposed to coetaneous CPUs which was from the year 1990 until today, the design and growth of the CPU has new execution and levels which makes modern CPU more quicker, small and efficient in comparison to the early designs of CPU. One of the implementation is multi-threading. Present designs perform best when the computer is operating only an application, except almost every current operating-system suffer the user to perform some(prenominal) applications at the exact time. For the CPU to alter over and do task on another program needs costly context switching. In comparison, multi-threaded CPUs throw out manage instructions from several applications at once.To do this, this kind of CPUs involve numerous sets of registe rs. When a context switch takes place, the contents of the working(a) registers are merely duplicated into one of a set of registers for this intent. This kind of designs usually involve thousands of registers rather than hundreds as in a typical design. On the disvantage, registers are likely to be somewhat costly in chip space required to implement them. This chip space could otherwise be utilized for some other kick the bucket. Second implementation is multi-core. Multi-core CPUs are unremarkably multiple CPU cores on the similar die, joined to each other through a shared L2 or L3 cache, an on-die lot, or an on-die crossbar switch. Every of the CPU cores on the die share interconnect characters with which to interface to the other processors and the rest of the system. These components might consist of a front side manager interface, a memory functionler to interface with DRAM, a cache coherent connected to other processors, and a non-coherent connected to the southbridge and I/O devices. The words multi-core and MPU (which is Micro-Processor Unit) have come into common usage for an individual die that consists of multiple CPU cores. Thirdly is very long instruction word(VLIW) and Explicitly Parallel command Computing (EPIC). VLIW relates to a processor architecture made to utilize the advantage of instruction level parallelism (ILP). Whilst conventional processors typically only permit programs that specify instructions to be carried out one afterwards another, a VLIW processor permit programs that raise distinctly specify instructions to be performed at the exact time (i.e. in parallel). This kind of processor architecture is meant to modify higher performance without the inherent sophistication of some other ways. Intels Itanium chip is based on what they call an EPIC design. This design supposedly offers the VLIW benefit of enhanced instruction throughput. Nevertheless, it prevents some of the problems of scaling and complexity, by clearly giving in each bundle of instructions breeding concerning their dependencies. This information is calculated by the compiler, as it would be in a VLIW design. The initial versions are also backward-compatible with existing x86 software by means of an on-chip competition mode. Integer performance was not good and regardless of enhancements, sales in volume markets continue to be low.One of the earliest CPU was the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) in the year 1951 and the speed of this CPU was 0.0008 IPS (Instructions per second). As in year 2011, one of the fastest personal computer CPUs was the Intel shopping mall i7 Extreme Edition 3960X which has a staggering speed of 53.3 IPS. Compared to the early CPU like the UNIVAC I, the latest CPU is at least sixty-six generation faster. (Mostafa, E. and Hesham. 2005)Conclusion for question 1Central processing unit (CPU) is a very meaning(a) component in a computer because it process instructions of a computer program by perfor ming the simple arithmetical, logical, and input/output (I/O) operations of the system. That is why CPU also known as the brain of the computer. The CPU has rich in history since the year 1945 before the CPU term had been use and the design and implementation of the CPU had correctd tremendously over the years, thus, becoming more bureauful and efficient. CPU had been used in various type of computers, from personal computer to topnotch computer.Introduction for question 2Speaking of computer architecture, a passenger car is a subsystem that moves information among elements within a computer, or betwixt computers. sign computer passenger vehiclees were parallel galvanizing wires with several connections, but the term is now applied for any physical layout that offers the similar logical functionality as a parallel electrical four-in-hand. Current computer busbares merchant ship use two parallel as well as bit serial connections, and can be wired in either a multidrop (e lectrical parallel) or daisy kitchen range topology, or linked by switched hubs, as in the case of USB. Buses function in units of cycles, messages and transactions. Talking about cycles, a message needs an amount of clock cycles to be delivered from sender to liver through the bus. Speaking of messages, these are logical unit of information. For instance, a issue message contains an care, control signals and the write data. Speaking of transactions, a transaction comprises of a sequence of messages which collectively form a transaction. For instance, a memory read needs a memory read message and a reply with the requested data. (http//www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bus.html 2007)Answer for question 2Buses can be parallel buses, which gestate data words in parallel on numerous wires, or serial buses, which transport data in bit-serial form. The addition of extra power and control connections, differential drivers, and data connections in every direction principally indicates that mo jority serial buses have extra conductors than the minimum of one utilized in 1-Wire and UNI/O. As data rates raise, the issues of timing skew, power usage, electromagnetic stoppage and crosstalk across parallel buses turn into more and more hard to circumvent. One partial solution to this issue is to double pump the bus. Usually, a serial bus can be worked at greater general data rates than a parallel bus, regardless of having less electrical connections, due to the fact a serial bus basically has no timing skew or crosstalk. USB, FireWire, and Serial ATA are the likes of this. Multidrop connections will not perform properly for fast serial buses, so most contemporary serial buses utilize daisy-chain or hub designs. Traditional computer buses were bundles of wire that linked computer memory and peripherals. Anecdotally termed the digit trunk, they were known as after electrical power buses, or busbars. Almost often, there was whizz bus for memory, and one or more independent bus es for peripherals. These were accessed by separate instructions, with merely different timings and protocols. (Null, L., Lobur, J. 2006)One of the initial complications was the utilization of interrupts. Early computer programs carry out I/O by holding out in a loop for the peripheral to become prepared. This was a waste of time for program that had other tasks to perform. Also, if the program tried to carry out those other tasks, it may take too long for the program to check again, do a loss of data. Engineers therefore set up for the peripherals to interrupt the CPU. The interrupts had to be prioritized, simply because the CPU will only perform code for one peripheral at a time, and some systems are more crucial than others. (Lochan, R. and Panigrahy. 2010) High-end systems implemented the plan of channel controllers, which were primarily small computers committed to deal with the input and output of a given bus. IBM implemented these on the IBM 709 in 1958, and they became in to a usual feature of their platforms. Other high-performance vendors like date Data Corporation utilized identical designs. Commonly, the channel controllers would perform their very best to manage all of the bus operations internally, transferring data when the CPU was deemed to be busy elsewhere if likely, and only utilizing interrupts when necessary. This tremendously reduce CPU load, and allows outstanding all round system performance. To provide modularity, memory and I/O buses can be combined into a unified system bus. In this situation, a single mechanical and electrical system can be utilized to link together numerous of the system components, or in some instances, all of them. Later computer programs started to share memory common to some CPUs. Accessing to this memory bus needed to be prioritized, as well. The easy method to prioritize interrupts or bus access was with a daisy chain. In this scenario signals will normally pass through the bus in physical or logical order , eliminating of the need for complex scheduling. (Null, L., Lobur, J. 2006)A system bus is an independent computer bus that connects the primary components of a computer system. The method was created to cut down costs and boost modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to transport information, an call off bus to decide where it should be delivered, and a control bus to identify its function. Every mainboard has a set of wires raceway across it that interconnect all the devices and chips that are lugged into it. These wires are jointly known as bus. The amount of wires in the bus determines how wide the bus is. A data bus is a computer subsystem that enables for the transporting of data from one component to another on a motherboard or system board, or between two computers. This can involve transporting data to and from the memory, or from the central processing unit(CPU) to other components. Every one is made to manage a amount of money bits of data at a time. The quantity of data a data bus can deal with is known as bandwidth. The data bus comprises of 8, 16, or 32 parallel signal lines. The data bus lines are bidirectional. Numerous devices in a system will have their outputs linked to the data bus, but only one device at a time will have its outputs enabled. Any device linked on the data bus must have three-state outputs so that its outputs can be disabled when it is not getting utilized to put data on the bus. An cover bus is a computer bus architecture function to transport data between devices that are known by the hardware address of the physical memory (the physical address), which is kept in the form of binary numbers to allow the data bus to access memory storage. The address bus is utilized by the CPU or a direct memory access (DMA) enabled device to find the physical address to convey read/write commands. All address busses are read and written by the CPU or DMA in the form of bits. An address bus is part of the system bus archit ecture, which was created to reduce costs and improve modular integration. (Ram, B. 2007) Nevertheless, majority of current computers use a wide range of single buses for certain tasks. An individual computer consists of a system bus, which relate the main components of a computer system and has three primary elements, of which the address bus is one of them, together with the data bus and control bus. An address bus is gauge by the quantity of memory a system can access. A system with a 32-bit address bus can handle 4 gigabytes of memory space. More sophisticated computers utilize a 64-bit address bus with a supporting operating system able to deal with 16 gigabytes of memory locations, which is virtually infinite. A control bus is a computer bus that is utilized by the CPU to interact with devices that are contained inside the computer. This happens via physical connections such as cables or printed circuits. The CPU transfers a wide range of control signals to components and dev ices to transfer control signals to the CPU making use of the control bus. One of the primary goals of a bus is to reduce the lines that are required for communication. An individual bus enables communication among devices employing single data channel. The control bus is bidirectional and helps the CPU in synchrony control signals to internal devices and external components. It is made up of interrupt lines, byte enable lines, read/write signals and status lines. Interaction between the CPU and control bus is required for operating an efficient and functional system. With the lack of control bus the CPU unable decide whether the system is obtaining or transmission system data. It is the control bus that manages which way the write and read information need to go. The control bus consists of a control line for write instructions and a control line for read instructions. When the CPU writes data to the main memory, it sends a signal to the write command line. The CPU also transmits a signal to the read command line when it requires to read. This signal allows the CPU to receive or transmit data from main memory. (Ram, B. 2007) Conclusion for question 2Bus in computer architecture is a very important component in a computer. A bus is a subsystem that moves data among elements within a computer, or between computers. A system bus is an independent computer bus that connects the primary components of a computer system and this method was created to cut down costs and boost modularity. It combines the functions of a data bus to transport information, an address bus to decide where it should be delivered, and a control bus to identify its function. One of the primary goals of a bus is to reduce the lines that are required for communication.

The battle of Uhud

The troth of UhudThe involvement Of UhudIn The quote Of ALLAH The Beneficent The MercifulIn this essay I will be feel at the underlying factors which guide to the Battle of Uhud, the main events which occurred, including my avouch analysis as head as tactile sensationing at the dissolvent of the battle.The Battle of Uhud was a follow up to the Battle of Badr, the opening jolt between the Muslims and the ethnicals of Makkah. The Makkans had suffered a surprise loss over against the Muslims with umteen noble hands being killed. aft(prenominal)wards this defeat there was outrage in Makkah. There was a volume of pressure on Abu Sufyan now that he was leader of Quraish. Abu Sufyan had avoided showing up at Badr, choosing instead to save the travel1. He was even under pressure in his own home from his wife, Hind, who had bemused her father, uncle, brother and son2 at Badr. Her relatives were killed by a combination of Hamzah and Ali3 so she had an insatiable thirst for visit particularly against Hamzah as described later.To Abu Sufyans credit, he showed a great desire for visit himself, pledging the entire proceeds from the caravan in localize to raise bullion for a nonher battle against the Muslims. He managed to assemble an host of three hundred0 with 700 armoured with 3000 camels and two hundred horses. The array marched towarfareds Madinah arriving there on 6th Shawwal 3 AH45.The prophesier (SAW)6 was already aware of the threat having received an urgent letter7 from Makkah8. The prophesier (SAW) held a council of war the following morning. It was obdurate that the Muslims would go out and meet the rival. The Muslim phalanx consisted of 1000 men with only 100 armoured and no cavalry. The army reached a interpose called Ash-Shaikhan where they camped for the night.The following morning, the Muslims had moved to within sight of the foeman. The hypocrites decided to return to Madinah led by Abdullah stack away Ubayy. 300 men with drew and left the Muslims with 700. It is obvious the hypocrites did not wish to fight so this looks to be a carefully devised plan by Abdullah and his followers in order to weaken the Muslims both in physical strength as well as their morale. The significance of withdrawal was deliberately chosen so close to the loot of the battle and within sight of the enemy so that they could see this particular and therefore receive fresh encouragement9.The prophesier (SAW) moved his army again and positi iodind them so that the enemy was between them and Madinah. This shows the incredible military leadership of the illusionist (SAW), having arrived at the battlefield after the enemy he as wellk up a better aim which would sojournrict the numerical favor of the Makkans as well as being hold deared on all sides apart from one which would lead the pagans to expose the Muslim rear10. To deal with this he placed 50 archers under the command of Abdullah stack away Jabir on a mountain wit h hard-core instructions not to vacate the position no matter whether the Muslims were kind or losing.The battle began with the nearly ferocious fighting centring on the Bani Abdu-Dar who were aerated by the Qurarish to be the standard bearers. Bani Abdu-Dar fought courageously with each family member pickaxe up the standard after the previous one was slaughtered and until all 10 members of the family are dead11. Then their huge Abyssinian slave takes the standard and continues to fight until he too is slain12. After this there was no one left to adjudge the standard.Hamzah, one of the heroes of Badr was again fighting bravely. It has already been mentioned that Hind wanted revenge so she hired an Abyssinian slave called Wahshi, who was an expert in the use of a javelin, to assassinate Hamzah in return for his freedom. Hamzah had just killed his third opponent, when Wahshi, who until that point had been covert behind trees and rocks trying to get within range of his target, to ok aim and taken with(p) Hamzah straight through the stomach. Wahshi then waited for Hamzah to die before removing the javelin and then returned to the Quraish camp. dormant Hind was still not satisfied and after the battle she mangle his body including cutting open his stomach and taking a insect bite out of his liver13.Despite the great loss of the uncle of the prophet (SAW), the Muslims pushed forward and seized the advantage, the raft of the Quraish army good turn and bunking with the Muslims in hot pursuit. The Muslims managed to raid the Quraish camp and started swag the booty. This should wipe out been the hold back of the battle and another clear cut success for the Muslims.Unfortunately, this is where the biggest controversy of the Battle of Uhud occurs. The archers, who until now had managed to hold off the advance of the pagan cavalry, decided to join the plunder and refuse the direct command of the visionary (SAW) as mentioned earlier. Abdullah Bin Jabir, r epeatedly called his men to return to their posts but his cries ferine on deaf ears as the archers continued towards the Quraish camp intent on a share of the spoils.Khalid Bin Waleed had managed to keep his men under go amidst the chaos surrounding them. Khalid was keeping an eye on the developments taking place amongst the archers and was looking to exploit just such an opportunity that had presented itself. It was at this heartbeat Khalid made his move and makeed off a masterstroke. The remaining archers were very doughty and determined to follow the prophesier (SAW)s instructions down to the last letter. altogether of them became shaheed14 whilst defending the position given to them by the seer (SAW). Khalid had attempted to pull of this manoeuvre a few times earlier but was prevented by the archers but had finally succeeded in doing so due to the archers abandonment of their set-aside(p) position.This signalled a reversal in fortunes for the Muslims. The bulk of Qurais h who had previously being fleeing, sightedness the sudden developments, returned to battle. The Muslims were trapped and under attack on two fronts which led to mass confusion and panic even resulting in Muslim killing Muslim albeit accidently15.The Prophet (SAW) was left in an exposed and vulnerable position with only a small group of Sahabah16 with him and the remainder of the army too far for him to control17. The Prophet (SAW) was a courageous man and tried to domesticise the situation by putting his own life on the line. He called the Muslims towards him although the idolaters recognised his voice and were closer to him therefore reached him first18. The battle now centred on the Prophet (SAW) and this has to be the most difficult trying and testing moment of his life surpassing the day of Taif19. More pagans left the main battle and charged towards the Prophet (SAW). This small group of Sahabah performed many heroics in order to defend their leader who they loved to a grea ter extent than their own lives. They were under dreaded pressure but they fought ferociously. Many of them became shaheed. The Prophet (SAW) was pelted by stones and received injuries including depleted lower font teeth.After this there was a lull in the fighting, spell the Makkans were regrouping, Abu Ubaidah used his teeth to remove the rings stuck in the Prophet (SAW)s cheek breaking his own teeth in the process20. Ubayy Bin Khalf rode towards the Prophet (SAW) on horseback. The Prophet (SAW) told the Sahabah to allow him to approach. This man had a personal double to settle with the Prophet (SAW). The Sahabah moved out the way, the Prophet (SAW) picked up a spear and launched it at him. It hit Ubayy between his collarbone and neck and he fell of his horse and ran back to the Quraish camp21.The fighting resumed once again with greater intensity and purpose. The Prophet (SAW) had a human shield22 protecting him from arrows23. Ibn Qamiah managed to strike him with his stain o n the shoulder resulting in the Prophet (SAW) falling behind in to a ditch dug as a trap by the enemy. Ibn Qamiah then raced back to declare the death of the Prophet (SAW).The rumour counterpane quickly. The main army of Muslims were heartbroken. more or less fled to the mountains, more or less toward the desert, some toward Madinah while the rest only wanted to fight till the end. The Quraish then commit the aforementioned(prenominal) mistake as the Muslims, thinking they had completed their objective they started plundering after the booty. The Quraishi women then began mutilating the bodies of the deceased.By now the majority of the Muslim army had dispersed. The Prophet (SAW) began to make a planned withdrawal with the remaining Sahabah who were mostly injured, some more severe than others, were joined by another group of Muslims as they retreated to Mount Uhud. Khalid had spotted this withdrawal and raced after them with some of his men but was unable to catch them before t hey reached Uhud. Khalid realised the situation was not in his favour as he was on horseback on mountainous terrain. Khalid then informed Abu Sufyan who was looking for the body of the Prophet (SAW) that he was up in the mountain. Abu Sufyan approached hoping that the rumour was still true, thereby had an interesting talk with Omar24.The Muslims started gathering at where the Prophet (SAW) was resting. The Muslim women25 were tending to the injured. Once the enemy had vacated the battlefield the Muslims went to inspect the dead and wounded. The Janaazah26 was performed. The Muslims returned to Madinah27.The Muslims had lost 70 men whilst the idolaters had lost 22. The pagans spent the night celebrating. Meanwhile, in Madinah, the Muslims were counting their scars but on the orders of the Prophet (SAW) they went after the Quraish the following morning. Abu Sufyan was satisfied with the result and felt Badr had been avenged by Uhud. Even Hind was pleased. Khalid was one of those who wished to finish the Muslims while they were weakened and remove Islam once and for all. He believed they had achieved nothing which was indeed correct because the Prophet (SAW) and the most prominent Sahabah were still alive and the Islamic State was still intact. Abu Sufyan feared the 300 who had withdrawn would return in the event of another battle although the Prophet (SAW) only asked those who had participated the previous day to return. On hearing the news of the advent Muslim army, the panic stricken Quraish fled.My opinion is that the result of the battle is a win for the Muslims albeit not as clear cut as the Battle of Badr. In boxing terms, it was a split decision to the Muslims. Although in terms of casualties it is agreed the Muslims suffered the heavier losses but this is a ostensible way of looking at the result of the battle. The best way to judge the battle is to look at the aims and objectives of both sides. Bringing such a large army and having spent such a la rge amount of money, my opinion is the Quraish undoubtedly wished to kill the Prophet (SAW), wipe out Islam completely and destroy the Islamic State at Madinah. None of these were achieved. Before Abu Sufyan left the battlefield he knew the Prophet (SAW) was alive, he chose not pursue the Muslims up the mountain and chose not to raid Madinah. It must not be forgotten that Quraish army was 3 times larger than the Muslims28 and yet they only managed to kill 70 Muslims and having had the advantage they did not seize it. It looked to be a comfortable victory for the Muslims. The turning point was certainly the disobedience of the archers and the great manoeuvre of Khalid. A fetching army would not have fled the following morning. There are many lessons to be learned from Uhud such as do not disobey the Prophet (SAW). The Quran contains over 60 verses regarding Uhud29 I would like to end with one such verseAllah verily made good His look to to you when you routed them by His permission , until (the moment) when your courage failed you, and you disagreed about the order and you disobeyed, after He had shown you that for which you long. Some of you desired the world, and some of you desired the Hereafter. Therefore He made you flee from them, that He might try you. Yet now He has forgiven you. Allah is a entitle of Kindness to believers.30BibliographyAkkad, M. (Director) (1976) The Message Film Libya Filmco International ProductionsAkram, A.I. (2007) Khalid Bin Waleed Sword Of ALLAH Birmingham MaktabahMubarakpuri, S.R. (2002) The fuddled nectar London DarussalamSubhani, J. (2000) The Message Qum Ansaryian PublicationsWatt, W.M. (1961) Muhammad Prophet Statesman Oxford Oxford University Press1 This caravan contained the property and wealth of the emigrants who sacrificed everything to go to Madinah. The caravan had safely made it to Syria and was on the return journey to Makkah.2 Also Abu Sufyans son3 Khalid Bin Waleed P184 Late March 6255 The Sealed nectar P294 6 Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam = May the peace and blessings of ALLAH be upon him7 From his uncle Abbas who was a Muslim yet to declare his faith and still living in Makkah.8 The Sealed Nectar P2939 The Sealed Nectar P29810 Khalid Bin Waleed P2311 The Sealed Nectar P30612 The Sealed Nectar P30713 Khalid Bin Waleed P3914 Martyrs15 Khalid Bin Waleed P3016 Companions17 Khalid Bin Waleed P3218 The Sealed Nectar P31319 When the Prophet (SAW) went to Taif to preach Islam but was ridiculed by the chiefs and stoned by the towns children.20 The Sealed Nectar P32121 When he came to Madinah to ransom his son after Badr, he said he would kill the Prophet (SAW) but the Prophet (SAW) promised to kill him instead. Indeed the prophecy came true. It is reported the wound was only superficial however he was adamant he would die causing madness among the pagans. He died after the battle on the way back to Makkah.22 Abu Dujanah23 Khalid Bin Waleed P3324 AS Is Mohammed among you? Is Abu Bakr among you? Is Omar among you? (no response)AS These 3 are dead. They will unhinge us no more O You lie O enemy of ALLAH Those 3 are still alive and there are generous of us left to punish you severely AS May ALLAH protect you O son of Khattab Is Mohammed really alive? O By my Lord Yes Even now he hears what you say AS You are more truthful than Ibn Qamiah AS eminence to Hubal Onow repeating the words of the Prophet (SAW) Glory Be To ALLAH AS We have Uzza. You have no Uzza O ALLAH is our Lord. You have no Lord AS This is our day for your day of Badr. It is equal O they are not equal. Our dead are in Paradise while your dead are in the fire AS we shall meet again at Badr next year. O You have our pledge. It is an appointment. AS You will observe among your dead some who have been mutilated. I neither ordered this nor clear of it. Do not blame for this.25 Including the Prophet (SAW)s daughter Fatimah and his wife Aisha26 Funeral petitioner27 The Sealed Nectar P33428 4x after withdrawal of h ypocrites29 Mainly in Surah Ali Imran30 3152

Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis

Causes of the Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crises entrancewayConsidered to be maven of the about serious conflicts in the midst of the U.S and the Soviet yoke during the coolness War, the Cuban missile crises brought the World a clash of nation V.S communism with a deadly nuclear outcome. Known to the World as the Cuban Missile crises, to the Russians as the Caribbean Crises and to the Cubans and the October Crises it lasted sixteen days in October. The chief(prenominal) characters involved were U.S chair John F. Kennedy, Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev and Cuban electric chair Fidel Castro.The sixteen days in October 1962 was the closest time that a overflowing out nuclear state of war was about to take place screen backgroundthe StatesUSSRFree electionNo elections or fixed elections repre moveativeAutocratic / DictatorshipCapitalistCommunistSurvival of the fittestEverybody helps everybodyRichest world business break awayerPoor economic basePersonal freedomSociet y rule conduct by the NKVD (secret police)Freedom of the mediaTotal censorshipThe Cuban missile crises origins began at the repeal of the World War 2. After the war about to end the join States and the USSR lucreed to disagree on the main ideas of how a post war europium should look like. The Americans main aim of the war was to disruption democracy and to spread their companys economic opportunities into Europe. This was very divergent to what the USSR cherished, the USSR suffered a lot during the war, and they lost a lot of people and suffered a lot of economic and social riddle directly resulting from the war, be political campaign of this the USSR main post war thoughts were to protect themselves from other wars that whitethorn happen and to spread communism across the globe. These differences between the deuce countries were seemingly great and were bound to cause tension and problems.Origins of Russian-American TensionIdeologicalThe coupled States and the Soviet un ion represented two completely different forms of government. In the unite States, the government is chosen by free elections. The people concur the right to form semipolitical voxies so that they can voice their political opinions. They also concord the right of freedom of speech and freedom of the press. In the Soviet Union, the government is chosen by the Communist Party. The people do not have the right to form their own political parties they do not enjoy the right freedom of speech and the freedom of the press. Since these two systems of government are completely different to one another, this is bound to cause friction between the united States and the Soviet Union.EconomicThe unify States valued to encourage free trade throughout the world. The Soviet Union wanted to close off her itself from international trade. Russia was shitless that trade with the West would bluff up Russia to western influences which would have ruined the strength of the one-party communist governance. These differences led to ofttimes bad feeling between the United States and the Soviet Union.Power rivalryAfter the Second World War, with the dec gentle wind of Europe, post was shared between the Soviet Union and the United States. As one superpower wanted to dominate the other, conflicts were to be expected.Immediate Causes Leading to the Cold WarEarly conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States began at the peace-time conferences. Their conflict was intensified after professorship Truman stated the Truman tenet and launched the Marsh plainly Plan in 1947.Extension of Russian influence in EuropeEven before the end of the war, the Soviet Union had piecemeal extended its influence in Europe. By the f tout ensemble of 1944, the Red forces had liberated and say-soled a large part of easterly Europe. By 1945, at the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union obtained the Curzon Line as its new boundary line with Poland and also the control of the eastern zone of Germany.As the war was closing in may 1945, the Soviet Union quickly consolidated its control of Eastern Europe. The Red Army began by influencing the post-war elections. They intimidated the voters and changed the voting lists as they desired.Although the non-communists could still manage to get some votes, most of the votes went to the communists. As a consequence the coalition governments formed immediately after the war were generally dominated by the communists. Two of the key ministries Defense and Military (Police) were unceasingly under communist control.Stalin was not satisfied with communist control of Eastern Europe. In the meantime, he encouraged the communists to take an active part in the immediate post-war elections in Western Europe. In late 1946, the French and Italian Communists were be access the most powerful parties in France and Italy.The reactions of the United StatesDespite the change magnitude Russian influence in eastern and central Europe, many p oliticians in the United States were optimistic about the chances of co-operation with the Soviet Union after the war and did not support strong foeman against the Russian expansion. But from May 1945 onwards, the situation was changed. The U.S. government preferred a policy of strong resistance against Russia.Poor relations between the United States and the Soviet UnionThe suppuration problem and deteriorating relations between the Soviet Union and the United States were reflected in two minor incidents in the year. Land-Lease was abruptly terminated by the United States and the Russian request for American economic aid for the purposes of post-war re reflection was ignored by the government of the United States.NATO vs. the Warsaw PactApril 4th 1949 NATO ( north-central Atlantic Treaty Organization) was formed by the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom. NATO was dress up up to counter the legi ons power of the USSR. In direct response to this, the USSR set up the Warsaw Pact consisting of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Germany, and the USSR. Stygian Blue Founding members of the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO)Light Blue Countries that join NATO after 1949Dark Red Founding members of the Warsaw PactLight Red Countries that joined the Warsaw Pact after 1955Bay of PigsThe Bay of Pigs was an unsuccessful get round by US-aided Cuban exiles to launch an attack on Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro. The assail forces were defeated in just two days. 2506 Cuban exile invaders were killed and most of the rest captured (later traded for 58millions dollars in food and medicine aid) and approximately 4000 Cuban troops men and civilians died. This deepened Cuban and American tensions, which was made worse by the Cuban Missile Crises, whose aftermath is still seen to present day.Cuban Missile CrisesBy 1960 the United States had a considerable nuclear advanta ge over the USSR, some(prenominal) in terms of nuclear arsenal and proximity to the USSR. The United States had 27,297 nuclear missiles compared to 3,332 for the USSR. In 1961 the United States, as a means of deterrence, placed considerable range ballistic nuclear missiles in turkey, meaning that Moscow was 16 minutes away from a strike. This deeply angered the Soviet regime and they responded by placing Missiles in Cuba who had recently become an ally under President Fidel Castro.The business that Cuba had the America might try to invade again led to negotiations between Khrushchev and Castro. In April 1962 Castro agreed to the supply mount to air missiles and surface to surface missiles to Cuba for defensive purposes. By May 1962 under Soviet control and supervision nuclear missiles were beginning to be submited in Cuba. These were transported by more than 60 Soviet ships. As named by the Soviet Union, operation Anadyr was unplowed tightly guarded. The USSR sent bomber inv entions, troops to aid in the construction and to provide expertise in the installation and use of the weapons.In all were planned to deploy 60,000 troops, 3 R-12 missile regiments and two R-14 missile regiments. array were transferred by 86 ships, Between June 17 and October 22 there were transferred 24 launching pads, 42 R-12 rockets, including six training ones, some 45 nuclear warheads, 42 Il-28 bombers, a fighter aircraft regiment (40 Mig-21 aircraft), two Anti-Air Defense divisions, three mechanized infantry regiments, and other war machine units some 47,000 troops in total.During this period after various leaks of information, the Soviets denied any missiles being placed in Cuba and told the Americans that they did not want to enter into any confrontation and raise tensions. American distrust of the Russians was soon confirmed. In late August an American reconnaissance mission tabloid photographed a number of installations on Cuban soil. Even with the induction Preside nt Kennedy was still convinced that these were built for defensive purposes on the part of the Cubans fearing an invasion of Cuba again by the Americans. After meeting the Soviet Ambassador, President Kennedy voiced his concerns over the installations and was constantly told not to worry, that there was no law-breaking missiles in Cuba and that the military buildup was insignificant.After more reconnaissance flights, using U2 work planes, the United States was able to confirm the location and amount of nuclear missiles, this exsert to confusion in the United States Government.After President Kennedy saw the photographs he brought together most of his key advisors to come up with a plan on how to deal with the threat. America intelligence stood by its convictions that the USSR would not install nuclear missiles in Cuba. The advisors quickly came up with a five different courses of action to be taken as a response to the threat.Do nothingUse diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Un ion to hire the missilesAn air attack on the missilesA full military invasionNaval blockade of CubaAfter much careful discussions and the fear of Russian revenge if Cuba was attacked, the decisions was made to blockage the Cuban sea and way station all shipments attack into the area. The main aim was to check all ships coming into Cuba to see their cargo and examine any missiles or offensive weapons that were coming into the country. Most South American countries assisted in this blockade.At 7 p.m. October 22, President Kennedy delivered a televised radio address announcing the discovery of the missiles.Premier Khrushchev sent a message to President Kennedy state that he considered the blockade and brigand action against the ships as a provocative move that would eventually lead to war, he request the ships to ignore the American blockade.To this President Kennedy responded by saying that the United States was forced into this action after being repeatedly certain that there was no offensive missiles which provided to be a lieThe side by side(p) morning, Kennedy informed the executive committee that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba. However, he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure. He agreed and ordered the low-level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead.At this menstruum the crisis was apparently at a stalemate. The USSR had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary. The U.S. had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion, along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union in eluding they responded militarily, which is what they assumed.As the crises continued secret negotiations were winning place constantly between the United States and the Soviet Union, the Soviets wanted the United States to remove its Jupiter missiles from its bases in Turkey as it claimed they pose as much of a threat as their missiles in Cuba. On the other handwriting the Americans wanted to Russians to remove all missiles and installation that they had placed in Cuba and America would guarantee that it will not invade or offer supporter to anyone who wanted to invade Cuba it would lift the sea blockage and consider removing the missiles from Turkey.On October 27th 1962, a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance plane that was flown by Major Rudolf Anderson odd Florida to Cuba to take surveillance pictures of the military buildup, and at approximately 12pm, Major Andersons plane was shot down by Russian anti-aircraft missiles, he was instantly killed and was the only casualty from enemy fire during the conflict.This infuriated the Americans, who demanded that the Russians cease all their trading operations in Cuba and halt any fire they view ed this as a start of war and took the gesture as an escalation in the violence. Although the commander, who fired, did so by himself, the Soviets were afraid that the Americans would view this as an escalation of war. All Soviet troops were quickly ordered to cease firing on American plane.After the Americans saw no change in the Soviet stance, and the Americans started to prepare for war, they came up with targets to be attacked by air, troops were readied, and plans were made for Cuba including a post-war government, the plans also involved a nuclear strike on Russia in case it got involved. America informed its NATO affiliate to be ready for an American response and to ready themselves in case the USSR responds in Europe.Ending the CrisisAfter much consideration between the Soviet Union and Kennedys cabinet, Kennedy agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey on the border of the Soviet Union in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba.Premier Khrushchev announced that they were dismantling the missiles in Cuba, while the Americans declared that they would not support or invade Cuba, however they did not address removal of their Jupiter missiles from Turkey. Because the withdrawals from Turkey were not made public at the time, Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The view was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and Khrushchev had been humiliated.Referenceshttp//www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coldwar.htmhttp//www.learningcurve.gov.uk/coldwar/http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttp//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/ColdWar.htmhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/http//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569374/cold_war.htmlhttp//library.thinkquest.org/11046/days/http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisishttp//www.johndclare.net/cold_war16.htmhttp//www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.htmlhttp//www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/cuba-62.htm