What Is a Bicameral Legislature and Why Does the U.S. Have One

The term â€Å"bicameral legislature† refers to any lawmaking body of government that consists of two separate houses or chambers, such as the House of Representatives and the Senate that make up the United States Congress. Indeed, the word â€Å"bicameral† comes from the Latin word â€Å"camera,† which translates to â€Å"chamber† in English. Bicameral legislatures are intended to provide representation at the central or federal level of government for both the individual citizens of the country, as well as the legislative bodies of country’s states or other political subdivisions. About half of the world’s governments have bicameral legislatures. In the United States, the bicameral concept of shared representation is exemplified by the House of Representatives, whose 435 members look after the interests of all residents of the states they represent, and the Senate, whose 100 members (two from each state) represent the interests of their state governments. A similar example of a bicameral legislature can be found in the English Parliament’s House of Commons and House of Lords. There have always been two differing opinions on the effectiveness and purpose of bicameral legislatures: Pro Bicameral legislatures enforce an effective system of checks and balances preventing the enactment of laws unfairly impacting or favoring certain factions of the government or the people. Con The procedures of bicameral legislatures in which both chambers must approve legislation often result  in complications slowing or blocking the passage of important laws. Why Does the US Have a Bicameral Congress? In the bicameral U.S. Congress, those complications and blocking of the legislative process can happen at any time but are far more likely during periods when the House and Senate are controlled by different political parties. So why do we have a bicameral Congress? Since members of both chambers are elected by and represent the American people, wouldnt the lawmaking process be more efficient if bills were considered by only one â€Å"unicameral† body? Just Like the Founding Fathers Saw It While it is at times truly clumsy and overly time-consuming, the bicameral U.S. Congress works today exactly the way a majority of the framers of the Constitution envisioned in 1787. Clearly expressed in the Constitution is their belief that power should be shared among all units of government. Dividing Congress into two chambers, with the positive vote of both required to approve legislation, is a natural extension of the framers concept of separation of powers to prevent tyranny. The provision of a bicameral Congress didnt come without debate. Indeed, the question almost derailed the entire Constitutional Convention. Delegates from the small states demanded that all states be equally represented in Congress. The large states argued that since they had more voters, representation should be based on population. After months of great debate, delegates arrived at the â€Å"Great Compromise,† under which the small states got equal representation (two Senators from each state) in the Senate, and the large states got proportional representation based on population in the House. But is the Great Compromise really all that fair? Consider that the largest state–California—with a population about 73 times larger than that of the smallest state—Wyoming—both get two seats in the Senate. Thus, it can be argued that an individual voter in Wyoming wields about 73 times more power in the Senate than an individual voter in California. Is that â€Å"​one man—one vote?† Why Are the House and Senate So Different? Have you ever noticed that major bills are often debated and voted on by the House in a single day, while the Senates deliberations on the same bill take weeks? Again, this reflects the Founding Fathers intent that the House and Senate were not carbon-copies of each other. By designing differences into the House and Senate, the Founders assured that all legislation would be carefully considered, taking both the short and long-term effects into account. Why Are the Differences Important? The Founders intended that the House be seen as more closely representing the will of the people than the Senate. To this end, they provided that members of the House—U.S. Representatives—be elected by and represent limited groups of citizens living in small geographically defined districts within each state. Senators, on the other hand, are elected by and represent all voters of their state. When the House considers a bill, individual members tend to base their votes primarily on how the bill might impact the people of their local district, while Senators tend to consider how the bill would impact the nation as a whole. This is just as the Founders intended. Representatives Always Seem to Be Running for Election All members of the House are up for election every two years. In effect, they are always running for election. This ensures that members will maintain close personal contact with their local constituents, thus remaining constantly aware of their opinions and needs, and better able to act as their advocates in Washington. Elected for six-year terms, Senators remain somewhat more insulated from the people, thus less likely to be tempted to vote according to the short-term passions of public opinion. Does Older Mean Wiser? By setting the constitutionally-required minimum age for Senators at 30, as opposed to 25 for members of the House, the Founders hoped Senators would be more likely to consider the long-term effects of legislation and practice a more mature, thoughtful, and deeply deliberative approach in their arguments. Setting aside the validity of this maturity factor, the Senate undeniably does take longer to consider bills, often brings up points not considered by the House, and just as often votes down bills passed easily by the House. Cooling the Lawmaking Coffee A famous (though perhaps fictional) quip often quoted to point out the differences between the House and Senate involves an argument between George Washington, who favored having two chambers of Congress, and Thomas Jefferson, who believed a second  legislative chamber unnecessary. The story goes that the two Founding Fathers were arguing the issue while drinking coffee. Suddenly, Washington asked Jefferson, Why did you pour that coffee into your saucer? To cool it, replied Jefferson. Even so, said Washington, we pour legislation into the senatorial saucer to cool it.

Essay Psychology of Fight Club - 621 Words

Fight Club is a movie based a man deemed â€Å"Jack†. He could be any man in the working class, that lives and ordinary life. The movie starts out giving an overview of his life, which consisted of a repeat of flights and cubicles. He is basically to the point of break when he takes another business flight and meets a man that calls himself Tyler Durdan. They instantly become friends and after an unfortunate explosion in â€Å"jack’s† apartment, he moves in with Tyler. One night after last call at a local bar, Jack and Tyler start fighting in the parking lot for no reason other than essentially to feel free and do something other than the norm. Later in the film this bar-back fight turns into a club run by the both of the men, or so it seems. At the†¦show more content†¦The combination of the two disorders could explain the movies entirety. His insomnia may have triggered his symptoms because on much stress on the brain. Also, it may have been the stress endured at work, or a combo of both. This would be Axis IV on the DSM- IV. My treatment for this guy is to lock him in an institution and throw away the key. He is a menace to society and an actual danger to all he comes in contact with. This is me, but others seem that he can be treated, by behavioral treatments. Since there is no medicine for this disorder and it is doubtful that schizophrenia medicine would help it, if he was treated for that, behavioral is the only way to go. This would consist of making the person respond to a single name and not respond if the person acts as the other personality. Though some would criticize this for antagonizing of the client, it has been proven to work. Another treatment is clinical hypnosis, which is a treatment of relaxation and concentration to overcome the split in personalities and become one person. As far as treating the schizophrenia is concerned, medicine such as clozapine is administered. This may react negatively with the DID treatment, it would have to be experimentedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Social Psych ology in Fight Club1687 Words   |  7 PagesDeinviduation and Attraction in Fight Club Fight Club is a complex movie in that the two main characters are just two sides of the same person. Edward Norton’s character is the prototypical conformist consumer working a morally questionable office job to feed his obsession with material possessions. He works as a recall coordinator for a â€Å"major car company† and applies a formula based on profitability, rather than safety, to determine the necessity of a recall. Though never explicitly stated, heRead MoreAbnormal Psychology - Film Review - Mental Disorders in Fight Club1563 Words   |  7 Pagesa nihilist soap salesman who is disgruntled with common culture. Eventually in the movie Tyler takes the fight club and turns it into Project Mayhem, which organizes increasingly serious anti-capitalism vandalism ventures. 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Belmont State Bank Essay Sample free essay sample

Belmont State Bank is a big bank with 100s of subdivisions that are connected to a cardinal computing machine system. Some subdivisions are connected over dedicated circuits and others use the dial-up telephone web. Each subdivision has a assortment of client computing machines and ATMs connected to a waiter. The waiter shops the branch’s day-to-day dealing informations and transmits it several times during the twenty-four hours to the cardinal computing machine system. Edward tellers at each subdivision use a four-digit numeral watchword. and each teller’s computing machine is transaction-coded to accept merely its authorised minutess. Perform a hazard appraisal. First. I will get down with constructing a control spreadsheet for the bank ; which looks much similar Figure 11. 2: ( Fitzgerald. 374 ) .Then I would place the assets. In this instance. the assets I worry about most are hardware. web package. client package. informations and mission critical applications. The hardware that I am concentrated on is the mail waiters. We will write a custom essay sample on Belmont State Bank Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page web waiters. and client computing machines and ATMs connected to them. Equally far as web package. I look at the application package ( mail waiter and net waiter ) along with waiter runing systems and system scenes. With client package. it’s the overall operating systems and system scenes. Organizational information and storage is the focal point ; the databases with records. The mission critical applications are the company web site and fiscal database with spreadsheets/personal history/ applications and assessments ; along with dealing history. At the top of the list ; is the mission critical applications necessary to carry on business/ for concern endurance. Following. is the organisational information. client package. hardware. and web package. Equally far as menaces. the biggest menaces in order of dollar loss and likeliness of happening are invasion ( internal. external and eavesdropping/hacking ) . sabotage. fraud. larceny of information. denial of service. virus. larceny of equipment and eventually natural catastrophes. When it comes to placing and documenting the controls. I would hold preventive controls ( security guard in the subdivision edifices ) . and package to code the Teller watchwords. I would besides hold application bed firewall ( to protect information shared with the cardinal computing machine ) . virus/malware plans in topographic point. a catastrophe recovery program and extended preparation sing both watchwords and viruses among others. The controls and their functions would be placed in a numerical list and the controls figure placed in the cell. The original spreadsheet would look similar to Calculate 11. 5 afterward: ( Fitzgerald. 379 ) . The last measure would be to measure how equal the controls are that are in topographic point now. and the grade of hazard associated with each menace. The Delphi squad will observe. prevent and rectify the menaces harmonizing to precedence. Bing that a dedicated circuit/dial up telephone web is used to link subdivisions and waiters transmit information daily to the cardinal computing machine. security is an issue. The invasion controls work decently. but can be upgraded and should be checked quarterly. The catastrophe and devastation menace could utilize farther concern continuity controls. as there is a high grade of hazard here.

SAP EWM Architecture and Programming - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the SAP EWM Architecture and Programming. Answer: Introduction Warehouse management case study 1: after the system was tested and there were no problems found, the management decided to implement it and utilize it productively. The task includes ordering to different products (water bottles and road helmets) from Spy Gear, each 50 units. The cost of water bottle is 11 USD and 27 USD for road helmet. Delivery time is 8 days. The goods will be transferred into two different bins upon arrival at San Diego. The goal of a System Application and Products(SAP) Warehouse Management System (WMS) is to offer managers and staff with the data required to enhance track efficiency and monitor material movement within the warehouse. SAP provides its own Warehouse Management application, which offers automated, flexible support to help in processing of all goods movements and managing inventories of current stock (Wood, 2007). The following are some of the documents that will be required when ordering and storing of water bottles and road helmets. Requirement of a Transfer-This is a file that uses the WMS to helps plan on movement of goods. Transfer requirements helps in passing on information on movement of goods that are posted in Inventory Management to the Warehouse Management System (Ray, 2011). Structure: The transfer requirement involves all the required data on a planned movement of goods. for instance, a transfer requirement document should include the materials to be moved and in this case water bottles and helmets are the items to be moved. The quantity to be moved should be stated which is fifty pieces each. The date in which the materials are to be moved should also be recorded. For additional automatic processing, planning date is important. In addition, the type of transfer on the basis of movement of goods should be stated. Each movement of goods in the warehouse is grouped by an indicator of transfer type. As such, it helps distinguish between, a stock pick, stock transfer and stock put away. Lastly a file stating why a material was moved should be included for instance whether the transfer order generated was due to production order or purchase order and whether it was generated manually (Vinay, 2015). Transfer Order- this are files used for running goods movements with the aid of (WM) Warehouse Management. Physical, Logical movement of goods or changes in stock can be the sub structure for a transfer order. These consists; post changes, Picks, and Put away. Transfer order can be created with reference to a source file from WMS or other application component of SAP. A source file can be a: Delivery file, requirement of a transfer, Material file, and Posting change (noticeKnolmayer, 2008). Structure of Transfer Order a transfer order consists all the necessary data on an arranged movement of goods. For instance, what material to be moved, the material quantity to be moved, where the bin should be transferred from and to where. A posting change is the modification to the stock information of a material that brings effect to bookkeeping information. Posting changes generally occurs in most cases, for instance during report from quality evaluation stock, the materials are left in the usual physical storage bin. Posting changes are normally triggered in Inventory Management. Implementing the Warehouse Management system, facilitates processing of the posting change notice from inventory management in the WMS. Material status changes can also be triggered in the WMS to add more information, for instance if movement of goods physically in the warehouse is the reason for the posting change (Daithankar Pandit, 2014). Types of Posting Change in WMS The following are some types of posting change in WMS; quality evaluation stock release, blocked stock processing, quality evaluation posting change, division of batches amongst other batches, posting change from product number to product number, and posting change between locations of storage. The Inventory Management system component interacts with the component of Warehouse Management the via types of interim storage. Receipts of goods and issues posted in Inventory Management are updated automatically in Warehouse Management in these types of interim storage (Kurbel, 2012). The standard System Application and Product interim storage types are: 901 GR production area, 902 GR external receipts area, 910 GI general area, 916Shipping deliveries area, 917Quality assurance, and 999Differences. Ways in which SAP inventory management and warehouse management movement type harmonize and posting occurrence in IM and WM synchronizes the updates of Inventory in SAP System. Each IM movement type that is appropriate for the Warehouse Management system is assigned to a type of reference movement, with which the system identifies the equivalent movement in the Warehouse Management system. Allocation of 999 type of reference movement is done if you do not want to join an Inventory Management movement type to Warehouse Management. For example, receipt of goods posting for account allocated purchase order (Zoellner Halm, 2016). The WM movement type offers the following information needed for placement and removal of stock: type of Interim Storage, storage bin coordinate, transfer orders confirmation and printing, outbound shipping and storage type search indicator. Warehouse Data in the Material Management: When the water bottles and road helmets arrives at San Diego distribution center they will assign warehouse number, storage type, picking storage type, storage bin, maximum and minimum bin quantity, and control quantity. SAPs (YM) Yard Management expands WM beyond the warehouse physical walls, facilitating control and management from the time that materials are expected to arrive at the warehouse. In this case SAP YM will help in control and management of water bottles and road helmets. The following are inbound process when Yard Management is activated; purchase order creation, purchase order release, inbound delivery creation with reference to the order of purchase, unassigned vehicle creation, inbound delivery vehicle assignment, vehicle check into the yard, dock door scheduling, vehicle movement using mobile gadgets, vehicle check out of yard, operation views on checked out vehicle, receipt packing and transfer order creation, transfer order confirmation, goods receipt post for outbound delivery, material stock check, excise invoice capturing and invoice receipt creation (Boeder Groene, 2014). SAP Warehouse Management Put-away techniques Fixed bin Fixed bin allocation per material (data keyed in Material Master, kept in one fixed bin). Storage of fixed bin is 005 in standard SAP. Technique Indicator is F for Put-away and it is necessary to choose Addition to the present stock Indicator- X. find out the Maximum Quantity per storage bin in a type of storage. There are many options. Fixed Bin defined in Material master is not modified unless there are changes to Material master. In our case after water bottles and helmets arrive they can both be stored in fixed bin (Kappauf, Koch Lauterbach, 2011). Open storage single storage bin per storage zone (Materials kept in open Floor, per the type of storage divided in to zone and single storage zone is represented by single storage bin). Generally, people can enquire on how to access stock in open storage techniques in any particular report. LTO (Lease to Own) can be generated using LT01. 501 type of movement, type of Interim storage is 902 and obtained in open storage bin WE-ZONE. technique Indicator is C. Storage is unclosed and no limitation as rack storage. It is necessary to set Mixed Depository Indicator-X and Addition to present stock- X in the type of Storage control for method screen. However, this type of storage is not applicable in our case (Murray Akhtar, 2016). Addition to the present stock this is trying to add material to an existing stock. In this case only water bottles can be added to an existing store but this storage type is not appropriate for road helmets since they are delicate. Next Empty bin look for next storage bin that is empty in the storage zone. In production industries manufacturing electronic devices, the parts are normally delicate, small, and exposed to static damage. These devices are kept in warehouse in containers that are secure for all Products. Several warehouses that keep these components utilize carousel storage where the component are stored in similar containers in carousel system that issues new components in the next available empty bin. Material can be kept in any next empty bin available. Different sizes of container can be used to store different Materials. The stock can be checked using LS04, type of storage 001 and method Indicator is L. It is necessary to select the check box with Stock Placement require confirmation. And Storage Unit Type check active should stay active and select Storage section check active, this is because the strategy is to look for the storage bin that is empty. Helmets can fit in this kind of storage si nce they are vulnerable to breakage if not handled carefully (Uppuleti, 2010). Bulk storage look for bin in the bulk storage section. This is for materials that are stored in large volumes mainly food and beverages industry. A beverage industry may manufacture many products. Once these beverages are packed and kept in pallets, it will be kept in bulk storage type. Transaction to describe Bulk strategy- OMM4. We have series of configuration operations for Bulk. First activation of strategy is required, then defining the type of storage control thirdly describing indicator of Bulk storage and lastly defining Block design. SAP standard type of storage used is 004, indicator for Bulk strategy is B. it is necessary to activate the stock placement requires confirmation switch since this permits addition of more materials to the same Material that in the Bulk storage type currently. Activation on Addition to existing stock should be done. And finally select Storage Unit Type check active. This storage type is not applicable in our case (Carter, 2010). Near Picking Bin This method fits materials that have undergone continuous Picking in Warehouse. As such it is good to store material that are nearer to picking area. Mostly Warehouse can utilize this method to see if the materials can be kept in the fixed bin, if not the system will attempt to preserve an area and lastly try to look for a bin which is nearer to Picking area. OMLA is the transaction used to configure. The following steps also need to be configured; activation for put-away strategy, definition of storage type control, definition of search per level, assignment of row and shelf, generation of storage bin, and check for consistency. Indicator for strategy is K. type of storage this strategy is 035. It is necessary to select Stock placement requires Confirmation Indicator. It is advisable to allow only one setting for configuration, this will carry out put-away in reserve storage bin, without looking for Fixed bin or performing a search for a bin that is relevant. This storage type is applicable to both water bottles and road helmets depending on the urgency of distribution. (Agrawal, 2014). Storage unit management (SUM) This unit is normally activated in the warehouse due to the following reasons: Mixed pallets movement as one unit within the warehouse, use of storage units allocated either internally or externally to identify and manage materials, and lastly the ability of warehouse management to interact with fork lift control systems through an interface without necessarily maintaining material information in the external system (Kannapan, 2016). SUM in Warehouse Management allows you to improve the capacity of the warehouse and manage the flow of the material by using storage units within the warehouse. A storage unit is a logical classification of one or several quantity of material like a pallet or a container that can be controlled within a warehouse as a unified unit. Storage units can contain one or more material items, that is can be homogeneous or mixed (Vallespir Alix, 2010). All storage units are allocated an identifier, whether the materials are kept on wire baskets, standard pallets, or any other containers. An identifier is a number which is sustained as the storage unit number in the system. As such, it is possible to know warehouse location of every storage unit, the quantity of material contained in the warehouse, and the processed operations at any given time. When SU management is inactive in a storage type, all stock is controlled separately at the storage bin stage. When SU management is active, stock is controlled at the storage unit or pallet level. A storage bin can contain one or several storage units. Similarly, every storage unit can have one or several quants (Murray Kimmatkar, 2016). Conclusion In conclusion the two products that is water bottles and road helmets can be both stored in fixed bin, next empty bin and near picking bin. In addition, using Warehouse Management together with SAP, offers benefits to warehouse managers: implementation of SAP warehouse management is at a reduced cost as compared to the initial implementation expenses, WMS integration means complex interfacing is not necessary between different system, SAP warehouse management is stable, high-end systems for instance routing and tracking technologies are supported by SAP WM, and it facilitates quick and easy stock transfers, good issues and goods processes. References Murray, M., Kimmatkar, S. (2016). Warehouse management with SAP ERP: Functionality and technical configuration. Kannapan, B. (2016). Warehouse management with SAP EWM. Carter, M. B. (2010). SAP extended warehouse management: Processes, functionality, and configuration. Bonn: Galileo Press. Uppuleti, V. (2010). Customizing extended warehouse management with SAP ERP. Bonn [Germany: Galileo Press. Murray, M., Akhtar, J. (2016). Materials management with SAP ERP: Functionality and technical configuration. Kappauf, J., Koch, M., Lauterbach, B. (2011). Logistic Core Operations with SAP: Inventory Management, Warehousing, Transportation. Berlin: Springer Berlin. Boeder, J., Groene, B. (2014). The Architecture of SAP ERP: Understand how successful software works. Hamburg: tredition. Zoellner, P., Halm, R. (2016). SAP EWM architecture and programming. Kurbel, K. (2012). Enterprise Resource Planning and Supply Chain Management: Functions, Business Processes and Software for Manufacturing Companies. Berlin: Springer Berlin. Agrawal, P. K. (2014). Sap mm inventory management. Place of publication not identified: Prentice-Hall Of India. Wood, D. C. (2007). SAP SCM: Applications and modeling for supply chain management (with BW primer). Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley Sons. Vinay, S. (2015). Real Time Analytics with SAP HANA. Packt Publishing. Knolmayer, G. (2008). Supply chain management based on SAP systems: Architecture and planning processes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Daithankar, J., Pandit, T. (2014). Transportation management with SAP TM 9.0: A hands-on guide to configuring, implementing, and optimizing SAP TM. Ray, R. (2011). Enterprise resource planning. New Delhi: TATA McGraw Hill Education. Vallespir, B., Alix, T. (2010). Advances in production management systems: New challenges, new approaches : IFIP WG 5.7 international conference, APMS 2009, Bordeaux, France, September 21-23, 2009 : revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer.