Discuss The Importance Of Copyright Media Essay

Discuss The Importance Of Copyright Media Essay The highly digitalised era that we live in has had a profound effect on the way we all access music, were over exposed to it, many of the traditional boundaries have been eroded and attitudes to consuming music are constantly being changed . Music today is a mere commodity and obtaining any aesthetic value such as we saw a generation ago with the LP or CD is extremely hard. Indeed, it is extremely hard to fix music to a source in its current MP3 format and the speed of access of technology is serving to create a hypermodernity nature  [1]   The dramatic rise in music piracy via the internet networks correlates directly with the decline in of traditional formats and in general the downturn in music sales. The intangible nature of the format and the decline in fair use  [2]  threatens to undermine the frameworks of copyright which is essentially the currency in which artists operate and can make a living, as Greenfield and Osborne note, copyright is the vehicle that drives the music industry  [3]   With large record companies such as EMI constantly postings losses  [4]  coupled with their reliance in exploiting their publishing subsidiaries copyright of back catalogues, is the music business now unsustainable? Have we moved into the era of the independent label and start-ups like sliceofthepie.com, indeed is the very structure of the record company under threat and can a copyright actually work in a digitalised world? Speaking with key up starters within the industry and analysing up to date documents and policy I which to establish the relevance of copyright In the current climate, and more importantly whose interests does it serve the musician or the company? Has copyright become outdated in the digitalised world or is new legalisation able reclaim rights that have been eroded by the huge expanse in the digitalised MP3 format. The UK background In 1709 the statute of Anne, whose full working title was conceived as An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or purchasers of such Copies, during the Times therein   [5]  sought in an elementary manner to provide a basis of rights protection to the producer of a literary piece and of equal importance set the very foundations of modern intellectual property law. This framework protected the authors work for up to 14 years and after the expiration of the term, it became part of the public domain of work and operated primarily on a publisher-to-publisher basis. A key point of discussion in the legal framework of copyright as a product stems from the story of the French composers in a Parisian cafe.  [6]  Not only does it capture the notion of modernity but it also generated much discussion. Essentially the message outlined in this instance remains the same today. How can a composer keep his work his own and protect from o ther would be entrepreneurs especially if they witness an opportunity for profit overseas. In some part the Berne convention deals with this, essentially, it requires signatories to act multilaterally in recognition of copyrighted works; therefore, a UK song would be protected in a country who has signed up. So this really expanded the initial ideas and provided a western union which currently has the signatories of 164 countries  [7]   Domestic UK law 1911 the law was extended to include early forms of music and sound recordings, indeed, in chronological analysis of copyright, its apparent that the legal system keeps a close reign on new forms of emerging media, alternatively speaking; copyright is heavily connected with the market for information and new innovation  [8]  This suggests that the law may have been connected with technological advancements but there has been countless examples of a transient phase in which the law has been slow to react. Individuals and publishers look to capitalise on the interim period between legislation and use it to their advantage for example i Finally then we arrive with the 1988 copyright designs and patterns act of the United Kingdom which with its amendments are the current statutes in operation. The 1988 framework sought to develop a number of key factors; chiefly it provides value to the industry in the sense that musical work is theoretically bound for 70 years and sound recordings and broadcasts 50 years. So in effect, this added a limit to exploitative life of a piece of creative work falling subsequently into the public domain whilst balancing the public and private domain. In relation to the explosion in the digital market, especially the internet, the law did not provide adequate protection for authors, artist, and the creative sector as a whole. The European Unions copyright directive of 2001 in particular article 6  [9]  led to a formal amendment in the domestic law The idea of fair use in first generated here, in essence means that certain use of a copyrighted material in certain circumstances does not constitute as infringement  [10]  and as outlined in PIP law that sufficient acknowledgement is required when using a copyrighted item.  [11]  So for example if an individual was researching or providing a critique of a particular act and required a copy of their material to formulate thought ,then under the concept of fair use one would be able to copy for personal home use. Such a concept does to an extent relies on the good will of the individual not to make duplicate copies and profit from them, especially as since 1988 the pace that one can access and distribute a piece a music has advanced tenfold, I continue with looking to see if fair use can be more encompassing, in the digital world late on but firstly I feel its important to establish the value chain of the entrepreneur in the digitalised world. Adding Value Firstly, the overwhelming problem when applying IP to the digitalised world of music is what exactly is the value in copyright and how can you accurately measure it. Large consultancy companies such as intangible businesses  [12]  seek to unravel the value IP. A key consideration  during the process of copyright valuation is to understand the notion of what drives the value of the copyright. For instance, a living musician generally supports their back catalogue of recordings through personal appearances and new releases, buoying their copyright valuation. After their death or after the musician stops recording their copyright  value  may diminish more rapidly than expected, as the support is no longer there.  [13]  Today the control of works in tyied up in a ever decreasing number of companies. 80% of the world market in sound recording is controlled by five record companies  [14]  who also all have extensive publishing arms and who part of large multinational companies. For example, Time Warner also owns AOL  [15]  So The traditional model in value attribution and copyright is demonstrated in figure 1 (see appendix). An artist creates a composition and then can strike a deal with a music publisher who effectively purchases a stake and in turn offers various channels of promotion in return or can give 100% rights to the Performing Rights Society (PRS) and go it alone. As Roger Wallis discusses music, publishers in the past were concerned with printing and distributing sheet music and sought to persuade artists and record companies to perform and record the songs that they represented.  [16]  As sheet music production deteriorated so the economic value that a composer could possibly receive from a collection agency fell too, essentially any particular format is dictated by its social importance at any given time. Therefore, for a popular artist to produce sheet music today is likely to produce only limited revenue, many publishers only seek to produce in order to broadcast the technical value of their work and provide authenticity and technique to the artists current catalogue. In reference to the traditional value chain of IP the use of mechanical rights needs clarifying. If a track is used on a physical product released by the record company then potential returns can be up to 8.5% of the wholesale price of the product, this distribution process is overseen in the UK by MCPS now a part of PRS. Although this initially appears a high rate of return, I would argue that these high figures of return are unattainable for the vast majority of artists and that the whole distribution royalty system is symbolic of a top-heavy pyramid. In 2005 2,700 composers and songwriters earned  £328m, this is an average of  £121,481 per person.  [17]  Clearly, a select few artists are obtaining most of the money. This is very much an area where we have all witnessed a huge loss in potential earnings for the artist at the bottom of the pyramid, because of digitalisation has taken hold copyright value in relation to the tangible product. Been lost and although one can still expect earnings from royalties there very much now limited Although such amounts from use of an artist property appear drastically diminished with the emergence of new technologies, new collecting societies for the distribution of revenues have emerged an example being iTunes. Any artist regardless of whether they are signed to a publishing deal can expect to receive royalties if their music is downloaded and as ill discuss later I believe The traditional model of value attribution is becoming more fragmented and hard there is a series of new value chains emerging which are replacing the traditional model. The situation today Im dealing with small band as the entrepenuer My first case study focuses on Johnny Tams, guitarist, songwriter and producer with Gold Teeth The band have enjoyed a successful period of late. Their debut single has featured on national radio networks such as Radio 1 and digital networks such as XFM, NME Radio and BBC Radio 6 and subsequently they have been on two nationwide tours. The band have a management deal and as a part of this a percentage of revenue generated from royalties goes to them also worth noting is the band have no record or publishing deal. What I am aiming to establish is whether in the digitalised world copyright has any incentive in the creation of music. Firstly the bands management company, monster music management, do not seek to exploit the bands rights instead they are focused on taking a cut from live performance and online music sales; indeed they actively promote the free download of their songs using websites such as MySpace. Since an incalculable amount of people can get access to the songs the ban ds reputation could rapidly expand, indeed as the internet is global the band could tap into emergent markets a decade a go that would have been unknown to them. For a young band member like Johnny the internet is an additional market without the constraints of copyright and a way of opting out of the highly exploitative nature of a publishing deal. It provides a new model, a type of counter culture and is an ever increasing trend even amongst established acts. Radiohead for example pioneered this new terrain. The release of 2004s In Rainbows marked the beginning of an internet only pay what you like model. Having fulfilled a 6 album contract with EMI which started in 1994,  [18]  Radiohead no doubt felt the constraints of an old system were affecting their creativity. In the following quote, Thom Yorke, the lead singer of Radiohead points to not only the tired rights model but to an industry on the verge of disaster ; I like the people at our record company, but the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone needs one. And, yes, it probably would give us some perverse pleasure to say Fuck you to this decaying business model  [19]   With the pay what you want release of In Rainbows, Radiohead received and were in full control of direct rights. They used publishers Warner Chappell as a consultancy to create a new distribution and rights model and begin to reorder the traditional value chain. In a press statement the CEO of Warnel/Chappell says; These new ways are iconoclastic in nature; they acknowledge the realities of a digital society and they challenge existing commercial assumptions. It is in this spirit that band and publisher are working together.  [20]   For Radiohead it was perhaps the combination of their leftist persona and of a large number of other situational factors that contributed to the emergence of this particular model. They were well aware of the current situation and that their work is widely circulated using P2P networks. Radiohead cleverly packaged the product by adding an additional experience, in this case a countdown website and a Speight of cryptic emails. In doing this they were able to draw upon the fact that human beings will actually pay for something if they deem it of value, as data gathered by gig wise suggests Radiohead actually recouped on average  £4 per download.  [21]  It is also testament to the inginuentive trailblazing nature of the model that the band was able to generate revenue from a particular moment in the constant changing process that is digitalisation. In suggesting this its easy to imagine a small band with out the financial clout really struggling to adopt such an approach. At the time of release all of the appropriate measures were taken to ensure that traditional collection methods with PRS were in place although the band has their own studio, these proved key to covering distribution cost which the band had funded themselves. The band also generated a significant income from an extensive world tour which since their last tour in 2004 has significantly higher ticket prices. Many theorists have suggested that creating such a model leads to a large amount of positive externalities  [22]  in which revenue can be potentially generated from the free distribution of music. For example the short term sacrifice in costs associated with making an album and releasing it for free may giveaway to unprecedented media exposure and Tours which venture into new territories. In the digital world many bands rely on these externalities to suvuve. In recent years major global labels have caught on to the potential revenue in externalalitie such as image rights and many larger acts are viewed as a brand image. This is defensive measure in securing revenue in an age when value once associated with copyright protection of works is no longer present. Its now commonplace for record companies to adopt an exploitative approach as a defensive measure in the climate of perceived threat of lost revenue. This happens in both in terms of minor and major artists and has been dubbed the 360 deal  [23]  Its increasingly commonplace for a small aspiring young band to be offered this type of deal. Labels play upon a young artists naivety by offering them a large sum of cash up front. In return labels demand a cut of their future earnings as a brand, everything from merchandise to tour revenue. A similar process but with more at stake happens with major recording artists.  [24]  Subsequently there has been a call for independent legal advice body as a necessary intermediately channel before the signing of contracts. Although well established superstar acts such as Radiohead have successfully pioneered a way of generating revenue, cutting out the middle men and protecting their rights, Johnnys band Gold Teeth may find it considerably more of a challenge in protecting their intellectual property by moving in such channels. Firstly, and most obviously, they simply dont have the mass audience or level of resource that established bands have. Secondly, copyright today, is viewed by many as actually putting an unnecessary constraint on young artists. Photographic orality  [25]  an idea developed by Toynbee suggests that putting young artists under the constraints of copyright is actually counterproductive in generating creativity. Artists at the early stage borrow and draw upon other musical influences to establish their particular sound. This well may be true; indeed Gold Teeth as soon as their first and most popular  [26]  single was recorded and distributed were formally advised by a major label to change a 12 second rhyme section as it sounded too similar to a band they manage the right for. They werent purposefully adopting a bands sound more subsconsiously adopting an influence. The problem of unknowingly sampling without adopting due consent may become more prevalent especially if we couple the rigidality of current copyright with the financial situation major labels are in. Gold Teeth are entrepreneurs of their times, digital in every sense the band have never released anything physical, and they view the internet as a new field of opportunity. Their music is readily available to download for free on MySpace or via ITunes, where an individual track costs 79p. Gold Teeth havent received any revenue from Apple instead relying on live gigs and PRS for rights based revenue  [27]  . Although it prides itself as a digital medium no money has actually filtered back to the smaller artists who make it work. Sceptism arises with Apple and ITunes as the chief rights holder for music on the internet. Unlike publishing companies Apple has no legacy in music. Its chief goal is in the development of hardware and is clearly driven by the profits associated with this, Acquiring the permission to sell music online is only present to enhance the ITunes experience. Apple also has the ability to manipulate an artists work without infringing copyright for example Apple puts emphasis on the download of single songs therefore destroying the feel of an album. It also uses the AAC format to stop the copying and sharing of its files. This file is unique to ITunes and requires an apple product to play it, although this protects against copying it also privatizes the digital economy If digital transactions are inevitably to become the standard way of operating in music then a new procedure in balancing the rights of the consumer and the artist have to be put in place. Also a level of regulation is required to protect New distribution models for a digitalised world At the beginning of the last decade Lawrence Lessig developed the creative commons model. It seeks to weaken copyright for the creative good of the artist, offering alternative ways of licensing. As part of the copy left licensing movement it builds upon the ideas of fair use, first brought into the legal jurisdiction of the UK in the EU directive of 2001. Essentially it allows artists to protect their work in the digital world, with which the required level of copyright protection that they see fit. Some artists may be aware of the inefficiencies of the current laws and do not want an All Rights Reserved printed on their works. Some might want a Some Rights Reserved or even a No Rights Reserved  [28]  Drawing upon this the model has four choices in licensing their music these are, Attribution, No Derivative Works, Non Commercial and Share Alike. A well informed music entrepreneur, in this case Gold Teeth are aware that potentially file distribution and mass circulation of ones m usic is not only inevitable has the potential to actually gain more financial success in the long run. If they chose the No Derivative license they would centrally register their work with creative commons, any sharing or distribution of their work wouldnt count as infringement as long is it remained true to the original sound. These labels offer clear and consise boundaries in which consumers and bands can operate. The model also offers founders copyright, this relates to the statute of Anne and offers 14 years of rights protection. Upon expiration, another single term of 14 years can be obtained therefore the model that work entering the public domain in a reduced time period gives rise to creative expression and adaptation. Adoption of such ideas would allow artists to be more expressive, sample and operate efficiently because of a more flexible attitude to protecting their property. Finally, given the economics of the digital world and the Attitudes to file sharing small bands should actively adopt digitalisation simply because distribution methods are much more efficient. Radiohe ad have successfully proved that promoting musical works over the internet is a positive updated method. If more bands follow the growing suit the major inefficiency of the respective deadweight loss through a copyright monopoly would be abolished at least in this end-consumer market and thus the dilemma be ameliorated a lot.  [29]   Within the past few years, there has been a huge surge in online music start-up companies. Where as the creative commons approach provides an alternative way in licensing ones music, Sliceofpie.com brings the whole processes of AR, Marketing and Financing a band onto one centralised domain whilst providing a high level of transparency to proceedings via a social networking platform. It allows a user to invest in a band by buying shares, the band upload tracks to increase popularity and eventually release an album, which is available for investors. Investors can adopt the role of an entrepreneur by watching their investment grow, The band and investors are therefore entered into a mutual partnership with an investors cut taken from any future externalities. This benefits the artist as it eliminates the exploitation of rights by the publisher, much like the model Radiohead pioneered but also provides finance for the band. The bands the Alps from Greenwich received  £21,000 to record their debut album from fans on slice the pie and were the first band to release an album using the process. The Alps own their own record label Elusive Music, are self-managed and oversee most of their business internally.  [30]  Speaking with lead singer and songwriter Daniel Hepinstall , its clear that protection of his IP is paramount. In this day and age what can one do? We decided to go all out and step out the box of the old music model and try something new. I have been in bands before where labels and publishers have hounded us for a piece of our rights. This models different, the fans choose, its more fair. The ability of a fan base to pave an artists career is not necessarily the ideal solution, but instead a mere step in the right direction. Music fans notoriously switch allegiances and loose interest, just ask any reader of trendsetter NME. Secondly, the main problem is that any alternative approach in protecting rights for the artist has to directly compete in an environment dominated by a dying model. As unsustainable as they are, the large fees put upfront and the PR avenues on offer from record labels are still impossible to match by sites such as slicethepie. Many of the acts from slicethepie achieve success but its relatively moderate in comparison to traditional methods, although more acts are give the chance to express their music to a digital audience with protected rights . Its important not to over criticise the potential in sites such as slicethepie as they are very much in their infancy. As I mentioned earlier, the industry, technology and legislation function together, If much needed copyright reform eventually occurs, then a new method would be able to capitalise. What is important to remember is that investors with slicethepie are believers in the music, they actively seek success for the bands. With the resulting rise in digitalisation, this notion has all too easily been eroded. Digital Rights Act, a missed opportunity? Downloading today and the systemic disregard for copyright law has reached widespread level. A recent Panorama investigation  [31]  suggests that 61% of 14-21 year olds download music on a regular basis and as a result,  £200 million a year in revenue is lost.  [32]  These figures directly correlate with the financial position we see many of the major labels in today, as a result there has been a huge move to tighten up copyright law even further.. Indeed, in a recent UN report suggests that on a multilateral the problem requires urgent attention, the following quote highlights this. Naturally, the control of illegal entrepreneurs with factories producing pirate CDs and recorded cassettes must be a major priority in all countries  [33]   Increasing the law past the 1988 and 2001 statutes is something that many industry bodies have been lobbying the government to do. Change in legislation is the only way to recoup lost revenue, Laura Marling: Illegal downloaders shouldnt be criminalised

The Cobb Douglas Function

The Cobb Douglas Function This chapter will discuss the estimated techniques theories and the equation, it is include the Unit root test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds test. And the data sources also discuss in this part. 3.1 Endogenous growth theory and modeling In the economic condition, the Cobb-Douglas functional form of production functions is commonly used to represent the relationship of an output to inputs. It was predictable by Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) and tested against statistical evidence by Charles Cobb and Paul Douglas in the years of 1900-1928. The production function is shown as below: Y = ALÃŽÂ ±KÃŽÂ ², (1) Where the symbol of transformation for the Cobb-Douglas function is: = Total production (the monetary value of all goods produced in a year) = Labor input = Capital input = Total productivity growth The and are the output elasticity of labor and capital simultaneously. These values are constant determined by available technology. For output eleasticity the receptiveness of output to a change in levels of both labor and capital used in production in the condition of ceteris paribus. Such as if =0.20, it will show that the 1% increase in labor will lead to a 0.2% increase in output. ÃŽÂ ± + ÃŽÂ ² = 1, These function indicate that the constant return to scale in production function. That means if L and K are each increase 30%, Y will increase in 30% too. If the return to scale are decreasing and return to scale are increasing, this will be show as below: Expect it on the perfect competition, the and can be indicate to be the both labor and capital share of output. The Cobb-Douglas function are influnced by statistical evidence that come into sight to show that labor and capital shares of total output are constant over time in developed countries, the researchers clarified this by statistical fitting least squares regression in their production function. It is show that having doubt over whether constancy over time exists. But according to Yao and Wei (2007), through joint ventures local firms have been able to imitate foreign technologies and started to produce their own models or supply parts to foreign industries. There is no doubt that FDI has not only helped improve the production efficiency of domestic firms but also helped to push Koreas production frontier towards the worlds most advanced levels. Assume that there are two countries in the world: one is an industrialized economy A and the other is a newly industrializing economy (B) and both countries will follow a Cobb-Douglas production technology: (2) Where Y, K, L are respectively to GDP, capital and labor, j and t denote country (A, B) and time. And g(z) is a function of various factors affecting production efficiency and the production frontier, including exports, human capital, FDI, institutions and others. As country A is richer and has a higher K/L ratio than country B, country A tends to make investments in B in order to maximize returns to capital, as long as à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YBt /à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡KBt > à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YAt /à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡KAt holds true. According to Yao and Wei (2007), in this two-country perspective, both countries should have mutual benefits for cross-border movement of capital to take place. The benefit for A is that it can maximize returns to its capital and has access to Bs market. The benefit for B is that it can have access to As technology and improve per capita income so that the income gap between A and B declines over time. Another assumption is that both countries invest in science and technology to create knowledge and innovation. However, because A has better endowments in both physical and human capital, it is more able to innovate and hence produce a higher level of output given the same level of inputs in comparison with B. The only way for B to decrease this technological gap is through importation of As technology embedded through FDI. But again from according Yao and Wei (2007) that the role of FDI can recommend by their two propositions. Firstly, they given the same steady state of Bs technology, FDI can improve Bs production efficiency because foreign invested firms are front runners in the adoption of GPTs because of their superior human capital, management and organizational structure. Domestic firms can be trained from foreign invested firms through learning by watching. They also have incentives to become more proficient and competitive because they fear losing out to foreign invested firms. The moving effect of FDI on production efficiency of B can be illustrated in Figure 1. Production frontier of A and B, denotes the production frontier of B. At a steady state when input is fixed at X0, the actual level of domestic production is Yd0 without the effect of FDI. If FDI has a positive impact on production efficiency at this steady state, or à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YB/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡FDIB > 0, the actual level of production will rise to Yf 0. The net moving effect of FDI on country Bs production is (Yf 0 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Yd0). Second proposition examine that FDI is a shifter of the domestic production frontier. If FDI does not have a shifting effect, the maximum output of B can never go above PFB. If FDI has a shifting effect, country Bs maximum potential output can be as high as those located on PFA, which is the production frontier of A. (Cobb-Douglas. Wikipedia. Retrieved April 20, 2010, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobb%E2%80%93Douglas) Figure 3.1: Production Frontier of A and B and the role of FDI in B. Y PFA Yft PFB Ydt Yf0 Yd0 0 X0 X1 X For example, without a shifting effect, the actual level of production may move from Yf 0 at the initial steady state to Ydt at the new steady state with a new input mix Xt. The maximum possible output of B at the new level of input will be on PFB or below. If FDI has a shifting effect, the actual level of output can go above PFB, with a maximum potential output to be on PFA. In Fig. 1, if the new actual output is Yf t , which is situated between the two frontiers, it means that the production frontier of B has been shifted towards PFA from PFB. This positive shifting effect can be expressed as à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡YB/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡FDI = f (t)>0, implying that the marginal product of FDI is an increasing function of time (Yao and Wei, 2007). According to Yao and Wei (2007) indicate that with Propositions 1 and 2, country Bs production function can be rewritten as: (3) And FDI is part of the multiplier ABt along with a set of other variables Z1 which can also improve production efficiency. Besides, FDI enters the residual term to be a shifter of the production frontier along with other variables, including a time trend t , which captures the Hicks neutral technological progress in B in the absence of FDI or foreign technologies, t * FDI captures the additional technological progress that is attributed only to FDI. The total effect of FDI on economic growth in country B can be expressed as: (4) The first part on the right-hand side of (4) measures the moving effect, and the second part the shifting effect of FDI on YB. If both effects are positive and significant, the above two propositions hold true. While the traditional growth theory considered only two factors of production, namely capital and labor, this new growth theory adds a third, technology. Endogenous growth theory or new growth theory focuses on the wider concept of technology, which is expressed through ideas, instead of objects or products. It necessitates a different set of institutional arrangements, like pricing systems, taxation or incentives to ensure the efficient allocation of ideas. These types of models are sometimes called Schumpeterian models because Schumpeter emphasized the importance of temporary monopolistic power over discoveries, as a motivating force for continued innovative process. A great deal of evidence has been produced in recent years casting doubt on endogenous growth theory. Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) argue that the neoclassical growth model of Solow and Swan with exogenous technological progress and diminishing returns to capital, explains most of the cross-country variation in output per person. The Schumpeterian variant of endogenous growth theory that emphasizes technological progress, innovation and RD has come under particularly heavy fire. Endogenous growth models attempt to explain a greater proportion of observed growth as well as why different countries experience different growth rates. They generally use the neoclassical model but allow the production function to exhibit increasing returns to scale, focus on externalities and assume that technological change, although important, is not necessary to explain long-run growth. In 1986, paper of Romer ignores physical capital and only considers knowledge but a general form of his model can be written as: Y = A(R) F (Rj, Kj, Lj) (5) Where R j, K j and L j are, respectively, stock results from research and development expenditure by firm j, physical capital of firm j and labor of firm j; R is the aggregate stock of knowledge. Any private research effort will have a spillover effect for the public stock of knowledge A(R). This type of model can explain why countries experience different growth rates. A country with an initial higher level of K experiences a higher rate of growth of K leading to a higher rate of growth of per capita income because such a country is more experienced through learning by doing. This is an external effect that prevents diminishing returns. 3.2 Model specification The previous empirical studies have proved that GDP can be determined by the following variables: labor and capital as basic physical inputs; export, FDI and foreign exchange rate policy as variables of openness. The following model regression will include all these variables. (6) Where t (t = 1976, , 2008) denote year t, k and l capital stock (Gross fixed capital accumulation) and total labor force, fdi = FDI inflow, exp = total export and exc = real exchange rate. Lastly, the Y is the Gross domestic product in economic growth and the is error term. Data for GDP are gross domestic product and capital is calibrated below based on investment in fixed assets. All the variables are calculated in 2000 constant prices. GDP is derived from real GDP annual indexes by province. Labor is total labor force in each province. FDI is actually used FDI inflows. Export is the total value of exports. The description of FDI in the production model needs careful consideration. Because capital stock is the accumulation of fixed asset investment, which includes both domestic and foreign investments, the production function would be mis-specified if FDI, either measured as a flow or stock, were added as another explanatory variable along with capital stock. In the previous literature, export and exchange rate also has been found to be relevant variables in the production function. Like FDI, export is defined as total FDI inflows and total export in Korea therefore can effect to output. The values of exports and FDI are provided in US dollars (USD) in the official statistics. Since they are measured in US dollars, most economic analysts do not bother to deflate the values in current prices into values in constant prices (e.g. Liu et al., 1997; Liu, 2000). It is important to conduct an appropriate deflation. One relevant deflator is the US consumer price index. The values of trade and FDI in nominal dollars are deflated by this index. Since all the other variables in the model are measured in KRW100, it is useful to change these two variables in KRW as well. Exchange rate is real exchange rate, which is time-variant but location-invariant as all the provinces faced the same foreign exchange rate. Beside this, real exchange rate should be derived from the exchange rates and price indexes of Koreas main trading partners. However, since KRW follows the US dollar very closely, albeit not pegged to the dollar, only the dollar exchange rate and the US price index are used to calculate the real exchange rate. Real exchange rate is expected to have a positive sign influence on economic growth because it represents Chinas competitiveness in international trade and the extent of market liberalization in the foreign exchange market from Yao and Zhang (2001). The expectation result for the variable of capital stock, labor, human capital, FDI, export and real exchange rate are expect getting the significant and positive relationship to economic growth. 3.3 Empirical methodology 3.3.1 Unit root test A unit root test is vital in observing the stationery of time series data. It is main to estimate about the variables observed have a tendency to return to the long term trend follow a shock (stationery) or the variables follow a random walk which containing a unit root. If the variables follow a random walk after a temporary or permanent shock, the regression between variables is spurious (Amiruddin, Nor and Ismail 2007). According to the Grauss-Markovs theorem, in such cases, the series do not have a finite variance. Hence the OLS will not produce consistent parameter estimates. A stationary series is one whose basic properties, for example it mean and its variance, do not change it over time. In contrast, a non-stationary series has one or more basic properties that do change over time. If the time series variable is stationery, i) The mean of is constant over time ii) The variance of is constant over time iii) The simple correlation coefficient between and depends on the length of the lag (k) but on no other variable (for all k). The unit root test can separate into 2 test, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test. This will test for level (original series), first differences and second differences (changes). If stationary at level, then the series are integrated of order zero, I(0) and if stationary at first differences and second differences, the series are integrated of order one and two, I(1) and I(2) respectively. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic and Phillips-Perron test statistic to estimate the stationary for the variables. The results are and the hypothesis will indicate as below: Hypothesis: Ho: No stationary Ha: Stationary Hence, p-value should small tahan 0.05, then rejected Ho, that is stationary, if failure to reject Ho, that means no stationary]. 3.3.2 Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)-Bound test The Bound Testing Method can use to estimate the small size sample data in between 30 observations. Therefore, one of the conditions is the dependent variables must be in I(1) and the dependent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1), but not the I(2). For example: Y=a+b1X1+b2X2+b3X3+e. The variable Y must stationary at order one or I(1) and the X1,X2 and X3 can be in I(0) or I(1) or mixed. For the simplicity, the Bound testing can be shown as: (7) The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method developed by Pesaran et al. (2001) was used to establish co-integration relationships among the variables. And it can use to overcome the stationary problem in the time-series regression. The advantage of the ARDL method is it can be applied to the model whether the independent variables are stationary at I (0) or I (1). The dependent variable must stationary in I (1). As a result, a dynamic model known as the Autoregressive Distributed lag model (ARDL) will be estimated and can be written as: (8) This equation shows that output growth is effects by values of explanatory variables as well as the lagged dependent and explanatory variables. The bound test used the conventional F-test compare to the critical value to detect the presence of co-integrating relationship. The critical value is base on the Narayan (2005) table of critical values for the bounds test case III: Unrestricted intercept and no trend. If the F-test is higher than the upper bound critical value, the hypothesis of no-co-integration is rejected. Beside this, if an F-statistic is lower than the lower bound critical value implies that the absences of the co-integration. If the F-statistic is in between the lower bound and upper bound, there is no clear indication of the absence or existence of co-integration relationship. Using Wald test to investigate the joint hypothesis is, Ho: Ha: The conclusion for the hypothesis can be separate to three part, that is: i) If the Wald F-statistic fall above the upper critical value- cointegration exists. ii) If the Wald F-statistic falls down between the lower bound and upper bound critical value- inconclusive. iii) If the Wald F-statistic falls below the lower bound critical value-no cointegration exists. Furthermore, an Error Correlation Model (ECM) also use with the Bound test, the form is: (9) Where, : 1-L is the difference operator : f(yt,xt) trend: trend term : long run multiplier Therefore, from the ARDL model, we can use the Bewleys (1979) regression approach to obtain the long run model. (i=1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,k) (10) Where, and , i= 1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, k are the selected (estimated) values of and , i=1,2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..,k. However, the short run dynamic model is estimated base on the Unrestricted Error Correction Model (UECM) model. (11) Where ECT represents as a long run steady point or partial adjustment term as below: (12) And using the Wald test to compute the long run elasticities and it standard error is: 1-Sum of the dependent coefficients= Sum of the independent coefficients (13) 3.4 Data The secondary data set consists of the annually data of the Korea economy for the period of 1976 to 2008 obtained from World Bank database, UC Atlas of Global Inequality, International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistic (IFS), Korea National Statistical and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Since the ultimate goal is to perform regression analysis with the data expressed in natural logarithms, it may instead wish to work with the log and proxy for variable as below: CHAPTER 4 REGRESSION RESULTS 4.0 Introduction Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips Perron (PP) test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). 4.1 Unit root test In this study, two stationary tests on individual stochastic trend are conducted, that is Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillip-Perron (PP) tests which have been used frequently I time series data. The value of ADF t-statistic and PP z-statistic will be compared to the critical value given by MacKinnon (1991). The time series under consideration should be integrated in the same order before we can proceed to cointegration analysis and causality test. The result can be show as below: 4.1.1 Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test Based on the result as below Table 4.1.1, it show that result for Augmented Dickey-Fuller test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. In the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference. Therefore, all series are I(1) process. Variable Level First Differences Constant with trends Constant without trends Constant with trends Constant without trends t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value Economic growth (y) -2.070027(0) 0.5421 2.327602(0) 0.9999 -5.756136*(0) 0.0003 -4.782721*(0) 0.0006 Capital stock (k) -1.911924(0) 0.6251 -0.546014(0) 0.8689 -4.515321*(1) 0.0060 -4.361648*(0) 0.0017 Labor force (l) -0.459604(0) 0.9804 -1.009485(0) 0.6241 -4.564489*(0) 0.0051 -4.425029*(0) 0.0014 FDI (fdi) -4.190134(1) 0.0125 -1.009485(3) 0.7363 -2.892944*(8) 0.1825 -6.300895*(2) 0.0000 Export (exp) 2.708182(0) 1.0000 5.784347(0) 1.0000 -3.567930*(0) 0.0495 -2.184710(0) 0.2155 Real exchange rate (exc) -2.246001(0) 0.4496 -1.594207(0) 0.4739 -5.035710*(0) 0.0016 -5.101766*(0) 0.0002 Table 4.1.1: Result Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test Criteria: Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC) Variable Level First Differences Constant with trends Constant without trends Constant with trends Constant without trends t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value t-stat p-value Economic growth (y) -2.815698(18) 0.2023 3.136859(7) 1.0000 -6.399643*(11) 0.0000 -4.778071*(1) 0.0006 Capital stock (k) -2.096298(2) 0.5282 -0.519748(5) 0.8745 -4.100869*(7) 0.0153 -4.204347*(7) 0.0026 Labor force (l) -0.631981(1) 0.9699 -1.228256(1) 0.6498 -4.564489*(0) 0.0051 -4.423468*(1) 0.0014 FDI (fdi) -1.392163(31) 0.8440 -1.577055(31) 0.4824 -4.828185*(12) 0.0027 -5.032975*(13) 0.0003 Export (exp) 4.407935(8) 1.0000 6.050077(5) 1.0000 -3.555909*(1) 0.0507 -2.042327(1) 0.2683 Real exchange rate (exc) -2.374756(1) 0.3848 -1.615847(1) 0.4631 -4.981815*(3) 0.0018 -5.068019*(2) 0.0003Note: The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. *Indicate that 5% at significant level. Table 4.1.2: Result Phillips-Perron (PP) test Criteria: Schwarz Info Criterion (SIC) Note: The number in parenthesis are lag length. The test employ a null hypothesis of a unit root. All series are log transformed. *Indicate that 5% at significant level. 4.1.2 Phillips-Perron (PP) test Based on the result as above Table 4.1.2, it show that result for Phillips-Perron (PP) test statistic in Unit Root test. This test is function to know the stationary of data for variable. In the result, the dependent variable and all explanatory variables are significant on the first and second differences for the constant with trends and constant without trends. This is because the p-value is small than 0.05 at significant level. So, we will rejected Ho and conclude that the data is stationary when first difference from the result of PP test. Therefore, all variables are integrated of order I(1). 4.2 Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) test The condition of the bound testing is the dependent variable must be in I(1) and the independent variables can be mixed in I(0) and I(1). The y is I(1) and the independent variable is mixed in I(0) and I(1)., the estimation of co-integration can be done by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). The Bound test technique is applied to examine the long run relationship between the exchange rate and its determinants. The result of the estimated ARDL model for Malaysia is reported as Table 4.2. The goodness of fit of the model (adjusted R-squared (Adjusted-R2)) and the standard error of regression are higher. Based on the table 4.2, includes the diagnostic tests used to confirm the validity of the model. These several important diagnostic test has been carry out in order to strengthen the accuracy of the results. The result of the diagnostic test indicated that the residual of the model is normally distributed. Beside this, there are no heteroskedasticitity and no serial correlation. However, the model successes to pass the Ramsey RESET test. Since all the probability is larger than 0.05 (5%) significant level. Thus, hypothesis failed to reject the Ho, hence there are absence of those problem in the model carried out. Note: The critical values are cited from Narayan(2005).(Table case III: Unrestricted intercept and no trend;pg1988). *,**and *** denote significant at 10%,5% and 1% significance level, respectively. Based on the Table 4.3, the results of bound cointegration test obviously demonstrated that the null hypothesis is, against the alternative hypothesis is easily rejected at 1% significant level. The model shows that the determinant variables are strongly cointegrated with economic growth in Korea. The result showed that the F-statistic compute by Wald test is highly significant at 1% significance level. The F-statistic is 8.742069, which is greater than the upper critical bound value of 6.040, so it is showed that cointegration exists. Hence, based on the test result, there exist cointegration or long run relationship among the economic growth, capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate. (14) Based on the Table 4.4 reported the long run elasticity between the variables use the ARDL test. The expected sign of the variables are indicate in this table and the estimated coefficient for capital stock (k) is positive 0.764333 and has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase in the capital stock by 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product (GDP) will increase 0.764333 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error is 1.594101 and probability 0.6359 is the p-value in the model. For the labor force (l), the estimated coefficient is positive sign, it is 25318.75 and which is consistent with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when 1 unit labor force increase, the GDP will increase 25318.75 US Dollar (US$). The probability is 0.4858 and standard error is 35765.61. In addition, the foreign direct investment (fdi) in estimated coefficient is positive 5.627353 and same with the expected sign. This indicate that when increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in the foreign direct investment, the GDP will increase 5.627353 billion US Dollar (US$). The p-value is 0.4313 and standard error is 7.032203. The estimated coefficient for export (exp) is positive 0.798721, it has consistent sign with the expected sign. This implies that an increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$) in export, the GDP will increase 0.798721 billion US Dollar (US$). The standard error for export is 0.204665 and the probability is 0.0007. In the case of real exchange rate (exc), the estimated coefficient is positive 173672187.2 and is similar with the expected sign. The coefficient means that when real exchange rate increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100 (KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will leads to increase in 173672187.2 US Dollar (US$). The p-value for real exchange rate is 0.1910 and standard error is 1.29E+18. 4.5 The Error Correction Model (ECM) test The result of the Error Correction Model is reported at Table 4.6 and the Error Correction Term (ECT) is shows as below: (15) So, the ECT equation will be generated into short run dynamic model. Based on the Table 4.5, the error correction term (ECT) is -0.090218. This implies that speed of adjustment to the long run stability is very slow which is 0.09. It is negative sign and rapid adjustment from a short term imbalance. The negative sign of the ECT means when there is a short run shocks occur, the gap is closed towards the adjustment process to the long run stability. This implies that the imbalance of output growth in the short run maybe adjusted with error corrections that resume the long term equilibrium. Approximately a high percentage of 89.7% of the gross domestic product can be clarify by the capital stock, labor, foreign direct investment, export and real exchange rate selected. Furthermore, the variable of capital stock (k) is significantly influence the gross domestic product (GDP/y) in the short run. The capital stock represents the gross fixed capital formation to be the most important factor that influences the gross domestic product in Korea. The capital stock, labor (l), foreign direct investment (fdi), export (exp) and real exchange rate (exc) is statistically positive influence in the current year of gross domestic product. As mentioned in literature review, this all explanatory variables should be elastic, portrays a positive sign and is should be a statistically variable in most of the research. In the short run, capital stock is statistically significant and positive sign to the gross domestic product for Korea. When capital stock is increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will attracts approximately increase 1.249795 billion US Dollar (US$). Beside this, when the labor is increase 1 unit labor force, the gross domestic product will increase 2308.908 US Dollar (US$). And if the foreign direct investment increase 1 billion US Dollar (US$), the gross domestic product will increase 0.508124 billion US Dollar (US$). If export increase in 1 billion US Dollar (US$), gross domestic product will increase 0.072330 billion US Dollar (US$). Lastly, when the real exchange rate is increase in 1 units of Korea Won 100(KRW100) per US$ 1, the GDP will increase in 15708616 US Dollar (US$).

The Story of Lovers in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights :: Wuthering Heights Essays

The Story of Lovers in Wuthering Heights  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      Set in England on the Yorkshire Moors in the 19th century, Emily Brontà «Ã‚ ¹s novel Wuthering Heights is the story of lovers who try to withstand the separation of social classes and keep their love alive. The main characters, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff grew up on a middle class English countryside cottage called Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff was the servant and Catherine the daughter of the owner of Wuthering Heights. As children, Heathcliff and Catherine were the best of friends, a friendship which turned to love with the coming of age. Catherine married a man of the upper class society and was forced to end her love affair with Heathcliff. Catherine was happy in her marriage at first but later became overwhelmed with her desire to be with Heathcliff. She was forced to distinguish the difference between her love for Heathcliff and her love for her new life with money. In the end, Catherine Earnshaw’s husband, Edgar Linton, died and Catherine finally realized that money and social class were not as fulfilling as her desire to have passion in her life, a desire which could only be met by Heathcliff. Throughout the book, Catherine tried to discover who she was and what exactly she wanted. In chapters 6 and 7, Catherine thought that she had finally discovered who she was and what she wanted. These chapters are the pinnacle of the story. It was the point in the book where the social classes were determined and Catherine’s love for Heathcliff was forced to be supressed. Heathcliff and Catherine were still young and playing together innocently one day. This was before Catherine became a member of the upperclass society and realized that she could not love Heathcliff because of his social class. Heathcliff and Catherine wandered beyond the secure gates of Wuthering Heights to a large estate owned by Edgar Linton called Thrushcross Grange. They spyed through one of the windows and were caught by Linton. Heathcliff managed to escape in time but Catherine injured herself and was taken in by Linton ¹s servants. Catherine stayed at Thrushcross Grange while Heathcliff returned to W uthering Heights. She stayed at the estate for several weeks being nursed by Linton and his servants. The time she spent with Linton caused her to fall in love with him, causing her to permanently be separated from Heathcliff and the lower class life she used to know.

The novel, Silas Marner by George Eliot :: English Literature

The novel, Silas Marner by George Eliot Silas Marner The novel, Silas Marner by George Eliot is a prime example of a tale which enlists the use of the literary archetype of the quest. Silas Marner is a lonely man who lives in the town of Raveloe with nothing but his hard-earned gold to console him. His call comes unexpectedly when a man by the name of Dunstan Cass steals the money. This marks the point where Marner sets out on his quest to find the gold. The protagonist’s other in the novel is in the form of Dunstan’s older brother, Godfrey Cass. While Silas and Godfrey are complete opposites on many levels, they are ultimately the same person. Godfrey is a man still in his youth, who has been blessed with a luxurious lifestyle, whereas Silas is portrayed as a miserly old man. Differences in social class aside, both Silas and Godfrey are lonely; a product of their own actions. Godfrey is lonely because he chooses not to tell Nancy of his secret marriage, and Silas is alone because he chooses not to associate with the townsfolk. That is, until he is called upon to do so with the theft of his gold. Silas is aided by his adopted daughter Eppie, who acts as the helper, or guide. Silas’s journey is both physical and psychological. At first, Silas sets out to discover who it is that has stolen his money, and means to get it back, and has no intention of punishing the thief. It is evident that this is not the quest the author has in mind for him. Through the journey of raising Eppie, George Eliot has Marner discover true happiness, even though it is not what he set out for in the first place. Even though, through the events that transpire, Marner is able to get back his stolen money, in the end, he is able to obtain a treasure far greater than the gold he anticipated, that is, happiness with another person. At the conclusion of the novel, Silas Marner is a man who has transformed from a cold-hearted and lonely person, to one who has found love and acceptance in another. One of the major themes George Eliot employs is that of the individual versus society. Throughout the novel, Silas is contrasted to the community in which he is situated. In Lantern Yard, Silas is excommunicated because the rest of his church does not believe in his innocence, and in Raveloe, Silas is seen as a crazy witch doctor of sorts. Most people feel it is safe to stay away from him, and Silas

My Last Day in California Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about mys

  My eyes opened very early that morning. I looked out of window and saw beautiful weather outside.   It was cold wind.   The flowers in my garden were smiling at me.   All of a sudden my eyes got watery.   I remembered that this was my last day in California.   I was going to America early the next day morning with my parents and family.   The day was Saturday, 20th December.   Tears were running down my face.   I went downstairs; everybody in the house was sleeping.   They had been packing until late night and I didn't want to them wake them up.   Therefore, I went back upstairs.   I just started thinking about how I was going to leave my house, my friends, my relatives, and my country.   The place where I grew up, the people with whom I had grown up, how I was going to leave without them?   It was going to be very hard for me to leave something that I had used to.   I took out my album and started looking at pictures with my friends and r elatives.   I looked at the life that I had enjoyed with them.   The moments of happiness and sorrow that we had shared together.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The day begins, but it didn't begin as usual. Finally about 10 o'clock in the morning, I went down stairs.   Everybody was awake by that time.   They were busy in their work.   Nobody had time to hear me.   I saw a couple of guests sitting our drawing room so I went back upstairs again.   In a few minutes, the intercom in my room rang and I heard my mom tell me to get ready to go to the temple.   I took a bath and dressed up like a pretty Californian girl.   When I get downstairs, everybody was ready to g... ...The luggage was already in the car then we got in.   As we pulled away, I kept looking at my house as far as I could see it.   All of our friends and relatives were coming to the airport.   We got to the airport.   We were running little bit late.   Therefore, we had to hurry to get our luggage and check in.   No one else could enter the airport but customers so I looked at all of my relatives and friends one last time.   They all were crying.   We had never lived that far from each other.   We boarded the plane, and all I could do was cry.   I made my flight to Ohio.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leaving my home was the saddest day of my life.   I am in Ohio now, still missing the life I enjoyed in California with my friends and family, still believing there is nothing better than home.   

Wild Fowl Trust

Trust stayed around for approximately 2 years, nested and bred in the trust's environment before flying off eventually with their fledged young. Many injured birds are brought to the trust. They have had some successes, working with vets with this particular expertise and with the wild life orphanage and rehabilitation centre. The success stories include a Masked/ Blue Booby, Ospreys, a Brown Pelican, a Gray Hawk, Gallinule, Jacana's, Song Birds, Psittacosis and different Owl species. Fun Facts: Scarlet Ibis birds are born brown in color but get their red color from rotten in crabs.They also eat shrimp and fish. You can tell the difference between a black billed tree duck by color of their beaks. Adults have bright orange beaks. Blue and Gold Macaws have one mate their entire lives and when that mate dies they don't find another. You can't tell the difference between male and female Blue and Gold Macaws unless you take blood samples from them and test it. In situ conservation is on s ite conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plants or animal species, such as forest genetic in natural populations of tree species.It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. The Wild Fowl Trust is an example of in situ conservation. One benefit of in situ conservation is that it maintains recovering populations in the surrounding where they have developed their distinctive properties. Another is that this strategy helps ensure the on-going processes of evolution and adaptation within their environments. Wetlands play a vital role in the cycling of water on the planet.Water evaporated from the seas or transpired from plants returns as rainfall filling both upland and lowland wetlands. Wetland systems, and their forested counterparts, slowly release their waters either to the atmosphere or to the sea, playing a major role i n governing world climate. With the flow of water arrives a steady input of nutrients from the surrounding land – the organic silts and sediments settle and, warmed by the sun, provide ideal conditions for the growth of microscopic plants and animals – the base of aquatic food chains.Fact: A well established marsh is estimated to be up to 50 times more productive than grassland and about 8 times as productive as cultivated land. The Water Hyacinth (Chorine specious) – Pointed-a-Pierre Wildfowl Trust:This important plant is used as a food source at the Trust. Leaves, insects and crustaceans in the roots are eaten by waterfowl. A water purifier, this plant also absorbs large amounts of dangerous pollutants (including mercury and lead) from the water and helps keep any water area clean. Prolific, 10 plants can reproduce to cover an acre of water in 8 months.

Puritan Life

The expansion of literacy Influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England In the 17th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god In all possible manners; thus resulting In the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, It was the will of God; God had Intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, In order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together In all circumstances, be It miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a Lana for their lives, that he had led them to the New world with great Intentions for them: feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here.In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries in the past (as note d in A Statement about Education in New England. 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England in the 1 7th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting in the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, it was the will of God; God had intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, in order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together in all circumstances, be it miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, hat he had led them to the New World with great intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here.In doing so they developed a theory that God had determined they be bestowed with lit eracy, leaving illiterate ministries In the past (as noted in A Statement about Education in New England, 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more Involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England In the 17th century, felt impelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting In the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the community spread, according to John Winthrop, It was the will of God; God had Intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, In order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together In all circumstances, be It miracle or tragedy-puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, that he had led them to the New World with great Intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place hey came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought them here.In doing so they developed a th eory that God had determined they be Statement about Education in New England, 1643). The expansion of literacy influenced Puritans to become more involved in society, as most began to read the bible. As Christians, colonists of New England in the 17th century, felt compelled to be devoted to god in all possible manners; thus resulting in the formation of a tight knit community that was centered on the church.This united sense within the immunity spread, according to John Winthrop, it was the will of God; God had intended for man to unite as one to better serve him, in order for them not to lose God's support Puritans must come together in all circumstances, be it miracle or tragedy. Puritans felt God had a plan for their lives, that he had led them to the New World with great intentions for them; feeling God had led them to the place they came to call home, Puritans sought out to discover the purpose God had brought bestowed with literacy, leaving illiterate ministries in the past (as noted in A tragedy.